THE CERRO GORDO.

391

mE CERRO GORDO. TABOR et al. v. THE CERRO GORDO. (District Court, D. Connecticut.
No. 928. BBAJmN's WAGES-LmN-WAIVlliR-MERGER-ACTION IN STATB COURT. Seamen recovered a judgment at law for wages in a. state court agalnst a part owner, and attached and fold hls interest in the vessel, sUbject to a certain mortgage, but did not obtain full sat1st'action of their claim. The purchaser bought in thls mortgage, and subsequently became sole owner. Held, tha.t the proceedings in the state court neither operated as a waiver of· their lien nor a merger of their cause of action, and the lien eould still be enforced against the vessel to the extent of the mortgage and the interestsnot before sold.

February 28, 1893.)

In Admiralty. Libel by Nelson W. Tabor and others against the schooner Cerro Gordo to enforce a lien for seamen'. wages. Decr.ee for libelants.

Arthur L. Shipman, for libelants. Samuel Park, for claimant. TOWNSEND. District Libel in rem. There is no dispute as to the facts in this case. The libeJants, with three other seamen, originallv brou2:ht actions at law in the state court against one Henry G. Chapman, then master of the schooner Cerro Gordo, and owner of three eighths thereof, for wages as seamen on board said schooner. In said actions said schooner was attached, judgment was rendered in favor of plaintiffs, and the said interest of said Chapman was sold. under the execution, to the present claimant. The sale was made subject to certain claims, the only one among them which is of any importance in the consideration of this case being a mortKa2:e for $1.200. which was afterwards bought by this claimant. He is now the sole owner of the schooner. The amount received by libelants under the execution sale being insufficient to satisfy their claims for wages, they now seek to recover the balance thereof by a libel in rem the schooner. The claimant contends that the libelants, by the sale under the execution, waived the right to again proceed against the vessel for the same cause of action. Counsel for libelants claims that the favor shown bV courts of admiralty to the lien of seamen for wages gives them It peculiar ri!!'ht to enforce such lien in this court, and illustrates his claim bv the distinction between their lien and the implied lien of the material man. It is true that seamen are treated as a privileged class, and that, as their services are presumably necessary for the preservation of the res, their liens for are of the highest rank; and the remedies allowed them for the enforcement of their claims "ought not to be abridged, except in cases of a clear, common understanding to that effect." Jud2:e Brown. in Russell v. Rackett. 46 Fed. Rep. 201. But I do not see how these facts can give them any greater rights

i'EDERAL REPORTER.

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in the proceedin!!s for the enforcement of their lien. A lien is a jus in reo Once acquired. whether by a seaman, or by a material tlleadmiralty will recognize and enman, under a force it, subject only .to the rules of priority adopted in its courts. Henry, Adni. Jur. & Proe. pp. 197, 198; The Lottawanna, 21 Wall. 558; The Star, 18 Fed. Rep. 263; The William T. Graves, 14: Blatchf. 189. The favor shown to the lien of the seaman does not.. llffecf the question of the nature or extent of his remedy, but only1;'Q.a.t of priority of satisfaction. But the effect of tb.eprior attachment, judgment, and sale on execution presents a novel and difficult question. It seems to be settled that'fhe mere fact that libelants had already brought suit in the state court for the saIne claim is no bar to this proceeding in admiralty. The HigWander, 1 Spr. 510; The Brothers Apap, 34 Fed. Rep. 352; The Kalorama, 10 Wall. 218. If the two suits were pending at the same time, that might be ground for a stay of proceedings. The Edith, 34 Fed.,Rep. 927; The John and Mary, Swab. 473. It would seem from some of the cases that a sale by libelants undel'! the former execution might have operated as a waiver of their lien, provided they had thereby assumed to sell the entire vessel, and all rights and interests therein. The Kalorama, supra; The Mary Morgan, 28 Fed. Rep. 202. And it makes no difference whether such conduct would operate as an estoppel. Under the doctrine of admiraIty. applicable to tlle enforcement of liens, the vendor at the execution' sale in such a case would be held to have lost his lien by laches. The Seminole, 42 Fed. Rep. 924; The Scow -Bolivar, Olcott, 478. But the attachments and sale under the affected only the part interest of the defendant therein. The attachments could not interfere with the interest of the mortgagee, for they were subsequent to it. Furthermore, the execution sale was made expressly subject to this mortgage. The present claimant is not only the purchaser of the execution debtor's interest, but he is also the assignee of the n;l.Ortgagee. Prior to his purchase of the mortgage, the liens of these libelants had already become vested. He therefore acquired the title of said mortgagee, subject to said liens, (The Guiding Star, 18 Fed. Rep. 263;) and of course the purchase under the execution did not impair said liens in the absence of laches, (The Gazelle, 1 Spr. 378; The Julia Ann, Id. 382; Crosby v. The Lillie, 40 Fed. Rep. 368.) It does not appear that the claimant has been in any way prejudiced by the action of libelants. It does not appear that there have been any laches on their part. The claim accrued between March 9 and April 7, 1892. The attachment was made on said April 7, the execution sale was on May 10, and the libel was filed on June 15, 1892. Nor does it appear that they made any misrepresentations, or failed to make any representations which it was their duty to make. Crosby v. The Lillie, 42 Fed. Rep. 238. They were not called upon to speak at the execution sale, for they assumed to sell only the interest of Chapman in the vessel. Their present claim is not inconsistent with a waiver, by such sale, of all right. to said interest. Crosby 'y. The Lillie, 40 Fed. Rep. 368.

THE CEBRO GORDO.

3gB

Furthermore, the purchaser of a mortgage on a vessel, or of an interest in a vessel. on an execution issuing out of a state court, is presumed to know that such purchases are subject to all existing liens. These libelants. by their execution sale, waived only their right again to proceed ag-ainst such portion of the vessel, or interest therein, as had been sold by them. It would seem, therefore, that they might thereafter enforce their lien in admiralty against the vessel, to the extent of the mortg-age interest therein, just as they might done a!!ainst the entire vessel in the first instance. In the latter case thev would have been entitled, as against the mortgage, to the whole of the fund al'1sing from a sale, by virtue of the priority of their lien. It may be objected to this conclJlsion that the lien was waived, and the cause of action merged, by the suit in the state court, and judgment thereon. No cases were cited by counsel upon this point, except The Kalorama, supra, in which the supreme court of the United States suggests the question, but leaves it undecided. An examination of the authorities shows the differing opinions entertained as to the effect of such proceedings in a state court upon a subsequent action in rem in the admiralty. In Dudley v. The Superior, and Sexton v. The Troy, (decided in 1855,) 1 Newb; Adm. 176, certain Ohio creditors, having both maritime and nonmaritime liens, proceeded to seize the boats under the state water-craft law, by process from the state courts. Afterwards, the boats having been sold under the order of the court of admiralty, and the proceeds paid into the registry of the court, the]3e creditors claimed liens for the full amount of their claims under the state law, whether originally maritime or not, and, the fund being insufficient for the payment of the claims in full, they insisted upon their right to share pro rata with those parties holding liens originally maritime, who had not made seizures under the state law. .The court suggested that a party who voluntarily waived his admiralty lien, and resorted to the local law for his indemnity and protection, could not resume it at his pleasure, &nd thereby be reinstated in his original rights; and held that such liens should be postponed to those of parties claiming under their original admiralty liens only. The ground of this decision, as stated by the court, is that a maritime lien existing under a state law must be subordinated in rank and postponed in payment to an original maritime lien of the same class. This view of the law is directly contrary tol that expressed in The Guiding Star, supra, where Mr. Justice Matthews hold"! that a maritime lien for supplies furnished at the home port, "for which a lien is given by the local law, must be placed upon the same footing, in the distribution, with similar claims arising in foreign ports." In Stapp v. The Swallow, 1 Bond, 190, certain material men, who had obtained judgments under said Ohio water-craft law, filed said judgments in the admiralty court as evidence of their claims. and maintained that said judgments still retained their original character as maritime liens, and that they should have priority of payment over those not importing such lien where seizures had been made under state process. Judge Bond says, (page 190:)

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FEDERAL REPORTER,

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not argued; and the court held that a claimant having an original lien, Who, instead of asserting and enforcing his claim in the admiralty court, proceeded under the state water-craft law, thereby waived such lien, and occupied in this court a position of equality with those claiming liens solely by 'Virtue of seizures under the state statute. I have no reason to doubt the correctness of the views indicated in tho case referred to. It is true I have found no reported case in which this question has been under consideration in any other court. It Is, however, clearly consonant with reason and the analogies of law that, if a party, having an undisputed maritime lien, voluntarily waives It by seeking another remedy, he cannot be reim;tated in orlglnal right. HIs claim against the boat has passed into a judgment, pursuant to the state statute, and before a state magistrate or court, thereby losing wholly its original character as a maritime claim. It results, from thls vlew,that this class of claimants can havano preference or priorities, except as belong In common to all those who have made seizures under the watflr·craft Jaw."

'IIn the case of. Dudley v. The Superior, decided in this court some years lilld reported in 1 Newb. Adm. 176, this qnestion was presented, though

Without discussing the colTectness of these views in the light of the later decisions upon the subject of maritime liens, it seems to me 'that the cases are not controlling upon the present case. In neither of them were the parties seeking to merely enforce original ad· miralty liens against the vessel. They were claiming, by virtue of judgments, which, in one case at least, confessedly embraced non· maritime claims, to obtain a priority over other lienOl's in the distri· bution of a fund in the registry of the court. The only question before the court was that of priority. The question of merger was not necessarily before the court; it was not argued; and the court, in its· dictum, says that it has found no other case in which this question has been considered. It appears that in the original suits under the water-craft law the proceeding was against the entire vessel, and all interests therein. But, irrespective of these questions, it seems to me that the reason for the above statements by the court, and the distinction between these cases and the one under consideration, are to be found in the provisions of the Ohio water-craft law, then in force. Rev. St. Ohio 18M, pp. 185, 186. Section 1 provides "that steamboats and other water crafts · · · shall be liable for debts contracted on account thereof by the master, owner, steward, consignee, or other agent for materials, supplies, or labor, in the building, repairing," etc., "of such water craft." Section 2 provides that "any person having such demand may proceed against the owner or owners or master of such craft, or against the craft itself." The act further provides, when the suit is against the craft, for seizure, detention, and Sille, and that, "if the proceeds of such sale fall short of satisfying the judgment, the balance shaH remain to be collected on execu· tion as upon other judgments." It will thus be seen that the lien allowed by this law might arise from nonmaritime aB well as maritime services, even when the bill was contracted by the owner; that any deficiency after sale of the craft might be collected on execution; and that the proceeding might be either in rem or in personam. The remedy, therefore, was even greater than that al· lowed in a court of admiralty. And, while such a proceeding in rem might formerly have been enforced in the state oourt:El, it is

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395

now well settled that no such jutisdiction exists, but that admiralty alone can enforce maritime liens by proceedings in rem. The Belfast, 7 Wall. 624; Leon v. Galceran, 11 Wall. 192; The Lottawanna, supra; The De Smet, 10 Fed. Rep. 483; The Guiding Star, supra. Now, in order that a judgment may operate as a merger, it is not only necessary that the identical cause of action between the same parties or their privies should have passed into judgment, but also that the plaintiff should have had a full and complete opportunity to recover his whole demand. Black, Judgm. § 675. Thus in Toby v. Brown, 11 Ark. 308, it was held that a judgment in rem against a steamboat, if unsatisfied, could not be pleaded as a bal' to a subsequent action against the owners. The court proceeded on the theory that, as in the proceeding in rem no satisfaction could be had agaJnst the owners, such proceeding was no bar to a suit in the state court. See, also, Durant v. Abendroth, 97 N. Y. 142. Under the water-craft law the plaintiff had a full and complete OPPOl'tunity to recover his whole demand against the craft and her owners. In this case, as no recovery could be had in the state court against anyone or anything except the part owner and his interest, there was no full and complete opportunity to recover the whole demand. It may further be suggested, in view of the difference between the character of the two proceedings, that the parties defendant in the two proceedings are not the same, and do not stand in the same relation to the seamen. The Pioneer, 21 Fed. Rep. 426. In Boynton v. Ball, 121 U. S. 466, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 981, where there was a judgment on a debt, the court held that, noiwithstanding the change in form by merger into a judgment of a court of record, it still remained the same debt. Here the debt for seamen's wages is the foundation of this lien, and, as such, if unsatisfied, should, it seems to me, in the absence of laches or misrepresentation, be enforceable against the res, which has presumably been preserved by meant.;! of the services for which recovery is sought. This is the view taken in the English cases. Thus in The Bold Buccleugb, 7 Moore, P. C. 267, this whole question is fully discussed, and the right of one having an admiralty lien to proceed in rem without reference to a prior suit in personam in the state court is upheld even as against purchasers without notice. And in The Bengal, Swab. 468, Dr. Lushington, in a case strikingly like the present in all essential particulars, sustained the right to proceed against the vessel, and held that one having a twofold security for his wages-the personal action at common law, and the action in rem in the admiralty-might "avail himself of the second; the first which he tried (the personal action) having practically failed to give relief." The personal action had. proceeded to judgment against the original owner, but he was bankrupt. Before the commencement of the proceeding in rem the vessel had been sold to third parties. See, also, The John and Mary, supra. If the cause of action was not merged, clearly the. lien was not waived. In The Gate City, 5 Biss. 207, Judge Blodgett says:

396

FEDERAL REPORTER,

vol. 54.'

acquired a maritime lien wUl not be construed as having parted with that lien and waIved it by anything short of an express contract or payment."

"It Isa settled principle of admiralty law th1.t a seaman or mariner who ha9

Let a. derzee enter for the amount of libelants' claims.

THE SAMUEL MARSHALu PITTMAN .et al. v. THE SAMUEL MARSHALL. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. No. February 6, 1893.)

as.

1.

MABITntB LIBNS-SUPPLIES-HoMB PORT OJ!' A VESSEL.

Under the general maritime law, one who furnishes supplies to a vessel has a right ro suppose1l.er home port ro be that where she is enrolled, and that which is on her stern; but where she Is chartered owners, the charterer to have full control, and ro employ wd discharge bel' officers and men, with the obligation of paying all running expenses, her home port, for the purpose of determining whether the supply:num's lien attacht:s, is. the port of the charterer, provided the supply man .haslmowledge of the facts, Or sufficient notice to put him on inquiry. )"9 Fed. Rep. 754, affirmed.

J.

BAME-No+WE OF CHARTER-A.GENT'S AUTHORITY.

ro either receive cash, or take a receipt from the master, and get the name of the person who would pay the bill. He was then to take a memorandum of all these facts, and at once notl:fy his employers. Demand for payment was always made personally or by mail, but the coal was always charged on the books against the steamer to which it was furnished. Held, that the employe was clothed with apparent authority to sell on credit, and so to receive notice of any limltation of .the vessel's liabillty, and that the supply man, under the general maritime law, ('ouid not hold the vessel liable, when the master notified· the employe that she was chartered by a citizen of the samo state as the supply man.
to furnish:coal to any steamer calling for it, and
8.

SAME-6uPPJ.IES FURNISltIl:D ON CREDIT OJ!' THE VESSEL-EVIDENCE.

An employe in charge of a coal dock in the Detroit river had authority

Certal,.n merchants furnished coal to a steamer for a part of tW() seasons, receiving payment, from time to time, from a company not the owner. 'l'hey had furnished coal to other vessels, and received payment from· the saIDecompany, and in previous seasons had furnished coal to the same master, then in charge of another vessel, and been paid by the same company, which was well known, and of good financial standing. Its principal busineSS office was directly across the t'treet from the supply man's offic'e, and it was engaged in business requiring it to charter vessels. The supply man had twice received its acceptances for coal furnished to this vessel, though it was charged on the supply man's books to the credit of. the vessel. Held, that· the supply man had notice that the company had chartered the vessel, or of facts sufllcient to put hlmon inquiry; and that the· coal was furnished on the credit of the charterer, and not of the vessel.

'-SAME.

The lien on a vessel given by a state statute (How. Ann. St. Mich. § 8236) for all «ebts contracted 101' by the owner or master on account 01 supplles furnished is maritime in its natui'e, because the contract out of which it springs is maritime, and as such it is subject to the limitations of the general maritlnie law. It therefore does not attach unless the supplies wero furnished on the credit of the vessel. 49 Fed. Rep. 754, affirmed. The Young Mechanic, 2 Curt. 404, applied. The Illinoia White and Cheek, Flip. 383, disapproved.