1 E.H. Smith 411 - Higgins v. . Crouse’s Empirical Analysis
1895
Citation profile
21 federal appellate · 6 district · 34 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 139 later decisions — most recently December 2023 · most notably Armstrong v. McAlpin (1983), Cruden Sa v. Bank of New York (1992)
21 federal appellate · 6 district · 34 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Barnard v. . Gantz · Baker v. . Lever · Mayne v. Griswold
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 139 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[W]here the circumstances are such as to suggest to a person of ordinary intelligence the probability that he has been defrauded, a duty of inquiry arises, and if he omits that inquiry when it would have developed the truth, and shuts his eyes to the facts which call for investigation, knowledge of the fraud will be imputed to him.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.