280
FEDERAL REPORTER.
for the accommodation of Groves, to secure an antecedent indebtedness; (3) that in consideration of a mortgage from Groves to Ronald, made September 18, 1876, to secure the same debt and a further indebtedness of $1,000, the said Ronald bound himself to, and did extend the time to, Groves within which to pay said note, and agreed to forbear suit thereon without the knowledge and consent of said sureties, and that they were thereby released; (4) that the said Groves has paid on account of said note, on the sixteenth of November, 1876, $400, and on the fourteenth of February, 1877, $739.65; (5) that Groves shipped tobacco to Ronald for sale sufficient to pay said note, and instructed him to so apply it, which he failed to do. So far as the foreclosure is concerned, the first, second and fifth defences were abandoned upon the hearing. The claim of vaYILe.lt of $400 on the sixteenth of November, 1876, set up in the fourth defence, was also abancloned, the proof being clear th:tt Groves paid Ronald the $400 as a part and on account of a purchase that day made by Ronald, of Groves & Shurley, for Groves' accommodation. It seems that Groves & Shurley claimed that Groves was indebted to them in about the sum of $5,000; that Ronald undertook to settle and did settle the claim for $1,100, and paid $500 in cash, of which Groves advanced him $400 on the sixteenth of November, 1876. The payment of $739.65 of February 14, 1877, is still insisted upon, but, in my opinion, it is not made out by a preponderance of testimony that such payment was ever applied, or intended to be applied, upon the note in suit. Defendant Groves was a farmer and tobacco speculator, and Ronald was the sonior member of the firm of Ronald & Co., composed of F. S. J. Ronald and his son W. A. Ronald. The business of this firm was that of tobacco warehousemen and commission merchants. In January, 1875, GrOll); applied to t,hem to advance him money to be used by hill! :]1 the purchase of tobacco, which he was to consign to tll(.: 111. They exa,cted of him a reasonable,security, as indemll against 10s8, before they would open an account with 11, ,i.
MEGUIAR V. GROVES.
281
and the note and mortgage in controversy were given, and Ronald & Co. appeared to have advanced him, upon the day following the execution of the note and mortgage, $2,000, and other sums thereafter to the aggregate amount of about $12,000, from which, deducting credits of somewhat over $9,000, there is still claimed to be a b:llance due of $3,500. The relative business of the two parties consisted in Groves making purchases of tobacco upon advances made by Ronald & Co., and consigning the tooocco to them at Louisville for sale; when sold, the amount would be credited upon Groves' indebtedness to them. On the twenty-third of January, 1877, Ronald, Webb & Co., the successors of Ronald & Co., were adjudged bankrupt, and complainant was, by consent of their creditors, chosen trustee. The payment was made to complainant on February 14 of the same year. Meguiar swears that Groves shipped him tobacco which sold for $900, without any direction as to the proceeds; that when he sold it Groves was present, and wanted all the net proceeds; that he handed him $160 in cash, and told him he would credit the balance on his account, then held by him as trustee, to which no objection was made by Groves, and it was so credited. Groves s\vears that he instructed Meguiar to apply this upon the Mayes note. Meguiar admits a conversation of this kind, but says it took place several months after he had received the money, and applied it generally upon Groves' account; that having given the credit upon the account generally, he refused to change it. This theory seems to me much the more probable, not only because such had been the general course of their buiness, but also from the fact that Meguiar did not have the Mayes note, nor know of its existence at the time the sale of the tobacco was made, and indeed did not even have the note when, as he says, Groves, several months afterwards, requested him to credit the amount upon it. The more serious question in this case arises from the alle,;ecl extension of time and release of the sureties, by reason of a chattel mortgage given on September 18,
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1876, to W. A. Ronald, the surviving partner of Ronald & Co., for $3,000. Groves swears positively that, finding him· self indebted to Ronald in somewhat over $3,000, an agreement was made to extend the time on the Mayes note, and forbear suit, without the knowledge and consent of the sure. ties, by giving a chattel mortgage upon a quantity of live stock then owned by him, it being understood, as he says, that the live stock should remain in his possession, and, when fattened and sold, the proceeds should be paid over to Ronald in settlement of his claim. It seems, however, that the hogs all died of cholera, and the mortgage, when foreclosed, realized less than $200. Did the giving of this mortgage extend the time for the payment of the Mayes debt? It certainly did not upon its face. It recites "that whereas, the said Groves is indebted to said Ronald in the sum of $3,000, now due and payable: Now, to secure the due payment of said sum, the said Groves hereby sells and conveys unto the said Ronald, etc.· · · provided.. however, should the said Groves pay, or cause to be paid, the sum of $3,000, and the interest thereon, then this mortgage to be null and void, otherwise to remain in full force and effect." It is well settled that, in order to release sureties, the agreement to extend the time must not only be given for a consideration, but it must be a binding agreement. There is evidence in this case tending strongly to show that this mortgage was in reality made by Groves to protect his property from his other creditors; but, granting that the mortgage was executed for a valuable consideration, was there a binding agreement to extend the time? As before observed, the mortgage does not purport to do 80 upon its face. No time is fixed for payment, and the rule in such cases is that the paper is payable immediately. 1 Dan. on Negotiable Instruments, §§ 88, 599; Cornell v. Moulton, 3 Den. 12. And parol evidence is not admissible to i:lhow that it was to be paid at a future date. Thompson v. Ketchum, 8 John. 190; 1 Par. ·on Bills, 381; 2 Phillips on Evidence, 675; 1 Dan. on Negotiable Instruments, § 80. So, if a prom-
STATE
V.
MERRITT.
283
issory note be mf,tde payable on demand, evidence that it was payable at some other time, or upon a contingency, is inad. missible. 2 Par. on Bills, 504; 1 Dan. on Negotiable Instruments, § 80; Free v. Hawkins, 8 Taunt. 92; Woodbridge v. Spooner, 3 B. & Ald. 283. These authorities seem to demonstrate that, if Ronald had seen fit the day to file a bill to foreclose this mortgage, Groves could not have shown in defence a parol agreement that no action should be taken upon it until his stock had been sold. If such be the case, then it clearly did not operate to extend the time for the payment of Mayes' debt. Again, in ord'er to release the sureties the extension must be for a definite time. Brandt on Guaranty, § - . I think it extremely doubtful whether, upon Grove's own statement, the time for payment was fixed with sufficient certainty. It depended upon a contingency which might happen within a week, and might be postponed for months. I think the complainant is entitled to a decree.
THE STATE
OF
MISSOURI, etc., v. MERRITT and others. March 17, 1880.)
(Ci'rcuit Court, E. D. Missouri.
REMOVAL OF CAUSE-ACT MARCH 3, 1875-TERM PRIOR AND TRIAL SUBSEQUENT TO PASSAGE OF ACT.-The right to remove a cause from a state court, under the act of March 3, 1875, is lost where such cause was tried in a term which began before, but at a date which was subsequent to, the passage of that act.
Motion to remand the cause to the state court. Cane, Jamison x Day, for plaintiff. George P. Strong, for defendants. MCCRARY, J. This cause is bronght here by removal from the circuit conrt of the city of St. Louis, and the motion now before us is to remand it to that court, for the reason that the petition for removal was not filed within the time prescribed by the act of congress of March 3, 1875. The third section of that act requires that the petition for
284-
removal shall be filed "in such state court before or at the term at which said cause could be first tried, and before trial thereof." In this case the faotsare that the act of congress took effect March 8, 1875, at which time this cause was pend. ing in the state court, which was then in session. The term of the state court began in February, 18'75, several weeks before the passage of the act, and continued some months after its passage. On the tenth of March, 1875,-seven days after the passage of the act,-the case was tried, and there was verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. 'rhe cause was tal,en by writ of error to the court of appeals, and thence to the supreme court of Missouri, and, having been reversed, was in January last remanded to the circuit court of the city of St. Louis for re-trial. Thereupon, on January 31st last, it was, upon petition of defendant, removed to this court. Was the February term, 1875, of the said state court, "the term at which said cause could be first tried," within the meaning of the act of congress? The position of the counsel for the defendant is that the term of court intended by the sttttute is a term beginning after the passage of the act, and to sustain this view he has cited numerous authorities, which are cited in the note of this opinion. I have examimld these cases and do not fina that they have the effect claimed for them by counsel. Some of them hold that where a case was tried before the paflsage of the act, and a new trial was granted subsequent to its passage, a petition for removal was in time if filed at any time before the first term at which such second trial could be had; and others hold that where the case was peneling when the act took effect, and for one or more terms before, and the petition for removal was filed at or before the first term thereafter at which the case could be tried, it was in time. In oubstance, the rule established by the adjudications is that thp. act applies to cases pending fit the time of its passage, aLl there shall be an opportunity to apply it to all such cases. But no case has been cite I which holds the right of removal was not lost by voluntarily going to trial in the state court after the passage of the act, and I am certainly not