Case: 19-30447 Document: 00515900985 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/15/2021
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 15, 2021
No. 19-30447
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Glen Seals,
Petitioner–Appellant,
versus
Darrel Vannoy, Warden, Louisiana State Penitentiary,
Respondent–Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
USDC No. 2:16-CV-9892
Before Smith and Ho, Circuit Judges, and Barker, District Judge.*
J. CAMPBELL BARKER, District Judge:
Glen Seals appeals from the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas
corpus. He asserts that the State used race-based peremptory strikes during
jury selection in violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). The district court denied the habeas petition after careful review. We affirm.
*
U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
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I.
A. One summer night in New Orleans, a bloodied taxi driver was
found lying on the ground near an expressway. He used his dying breaths to
describe his assailant and his assailant’s clothing. Police stopped petitioner
Seals in a car nearby because he matched that description. In his car was a
plastic bag filled with bloodstained clothing and the keys to the victim’s taxi.
Seals was tried and convicted by a jury of murder. After that conviction was
reversed because of an issue not relevant here, Seals was retried and again
convicted.
Jury selection for the retrial consisted of the standard phases: questioning a panel of potential jurors, requests for the court to excuse panel
members for cause, and the parties’ use of their peremptory strikes. After
examination of the first relevant jury panel, the State moved to excuse for
cause one prospective juror, Esmaria Henry, because she had indicated that
her faith would not allow her to judge others. The State’s request also focused on Henry’s apparent confusion about the meaning of self-defense and
various ailments that might have interfered with her service. After Henry indicated that she could be fair and follow the evidence, the trial court chose
not to excuse her for cause.
The State then turned to its peremptory strikes. It used its first strike
on Henry, who was black. The parties then accepted the first black juror, Albert Jackson. After accepting Jackson, the State used its second peremptory
strike on a white person. The parties then accepted Joseph Steib, the second
black juror. The State then used its third peremptory strike on Byron Davis,
a black person. After the Davis strike, the State used its fourth strike on Edmond Bocage, whose racial identity was unclear to the trial court.
After the Bocage strike, Seals raised a Batson challenge, arguing: “The
State has used 75 percent, three-fourths of its peremptory strikes to extract
and to strike people of color.” The trial judge said of Bocage, “when I first
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saw [him] I said white male. I don’t know.” The State agreed that one could
not tell whether Bocage was black. Defense counsel then suggested that Bocage “identified as a person of color,” and the prosecutor responded that
“you can’t just tell by looking.” The trial court held that Seals had not made
out a prima facie case that the State’s strikes were based on race.
At the conclusion of that panel, ten people had been selected for the
jury: six white, three black, and one Hispanic. For the next panel, the State
argued that cause existed for the court to excuse ten people, including Sabrina Lewis and Christopher Williams. Lewis said that “two different stories
[is] reasonable doubt.” Williams had a felony conviction and claimed unfair
treatment by the district attorney’s office. The trial court chose not to excuse
Lewis or Williams for cause.
The State then used its fifth peremptory strike on a panel member who
was not black. The State used its sixth peremptory strike on Lewis, who was
black. That strike met a Batson challenge. Seals argued that the State had
“used four out of six peremptories to strike people of color.” The State reminded the court that “this is the person that said that two stories is reasonable doubt.” Defense counsel then asked the court whether it found a prima
facie case of a strike based on race. The court stated: “[n]o, because this is
one that was almost excused for cause . . . . I’m not finding a prima facie
case.”
After the twelfth and final juror was seated, the trial court gave each
side two peremptory strikes for the selection of alternates. The State used a
peremptory strike on Williams, who was black. Seals raised a Batson objection. The trial court overruled the objection, finding no prima facie showing
of a race-based strike and adding that the court had “seriously considered”
excusing Williams for cause.
The final jury consisted of six white jurors, five black jurors, one Hispanic juror, and two black alternate jurors. Seals was convicted by a
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unanimous jury and sentenced to life in prison. Seals filed a motion for a new
trial and attempted to supplement the record with an exhibit in support of his
Batson objections; the trial court did not admit it but accepted the exhibit as
a proffer. The trial court ultimately denied Seals’s motion for a new trial.
B. Seals appealed his conviction, which the state court of appeal affirmed. State v. Seals, No. 09-1089 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/29/11), 83 So. 3d 285,
299, 355, writ denied, 2012-0293 (La. 10/26/12),
99 So. 3d 53. As to Seals’s
Batson objections, the appellate court noted that “the issue is whether the
trial judge erred by finding that defendant did not make a prima facie showing
that the prosecutor used his peremptory challenges to exclude those potential
jurors on the basis of race.” Id. at 312. The court walked through the jury-selection proceedings, including the panelist responses that the State argued
were reasons for the court to excuse those panelists for cause. Id. at 312–14.
The court of appeal explained that the trial court “paid close attention to the
responses of each potential juror during voir dire,” and properly considered
the reasons provided for the for-cause strikes. Id. at 314.
C. After exhausting his state-court avenues for post-conviction relief,
Seals filed the instant federal habeas petition. A magistrate judge issued a report and a recommendation that the petition be denied, and the district court
adopted that report, overruling Seals’s objections regarding his Batson claim.
In doing so, the district court declined to consider the panelists’ voir dire answers due to concern that doing so would collapse Batson’s three steps.
Even without considering those panelist answers, the district court
held that the Batson claim “must fail on the first prong of the test.” Responding to Seals’s argument about statistics, the district court explained that, in
this case, “the number of strikes in comparison to the number of people in
the jury pool who were black does not give rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose.” “In a pool composed roughly half of black individuals,” explained the court, “a prosecutor excluding at random would use roughly half
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of his strikes to exclude prospective jurors who were black.” That would
“amount to between three and four strikes in this case,” meaning that the
prosecution, as measured at various times during jury selection, “struck between one and two jurors above a random rate.” And this, the court explained, “does not raise an inference of purposeful discrimination.”
The district court further noted that “other relevant circumstances
strengthened the trial court’s basis for its finding that [Seals] had not established a prima facie case.” First, the trial court stated that it could not readily
tell the race of panelist Bocage, the third person struck by the prosecution.
The magistrate judge’s report adopted by the district court confirmed that
“unlike defense counsel, the prosecutor did not have race information about
the venire and had to rely solely on physical observation.” Discounting the
Bocage strike in the analysis, “the rate of strikes moves closer to an even
spread between strikes against black versus white potential jurors.”
The district court also explained that the prosecution “did not challenge multiple black individuals who became members of the jury” despite
having five peremptory strikes left to be used. That fact as well, noted the
court, “weighs against a prima facie case.” And the district court noted that
Seals’s jury was racially diverse, which “also weighs against a prima facie
case.” Lastly, the court repeated the state appellate court’s point that “black
persons were selected to serve in numbers substantially exceeding what defendant contends to be the percentage of the venire they comprised.”
The district court noted that because circuit precedent treats a
stage-one ruling under Batson as factual, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1) attaches to
the state court’s ruling a presumption of correctness, which can be rebutted
only by clear and convincing evidence. But the district court did not reference
again or apply that higher standard, and it ultimately held the Batson claim
unpersuasive: “the state’s actions in this case do not establish a prima facie
case of purposeful discrimination.”
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II.
On appeal, Seals argues that (1) the state appellate court unreasonably
applied clearly established federal law by considering the jury panelists’ voir
dire answers among all the circumstances in deciding whether a prima facie
case under Batson was shown; (2) the district court wrongly relied on the 28
U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1) presumption of correctness for state-court factual findings; and (3) his Batson claim, reviewed de novo, entitles him to habeas relief.
We reject each argument. First, the state appellate court did not unreasonably apply clearly established federal law in deciding Seals’s Batson
claim. Federal law requires a trial judge, at the first stage of Batson’s burden-shifting framework, to consider all the circumstances and decide whether
they raise an inference of purposeful discrimination. Batson, 476 U.S. at 96–
97. Seals identifies no Supreme Court precedent clearly establishing that this
holistic consideration may not include the remarks of panelists on whom a
peremptory strike was exercised. Nor does Seals identify any evidence in the
state-court proceedings showing an unreasonable determination of fact by
the state courts. Accordingly, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) bars habeas relief.
Second, even were the applicability of § 2254(e)(1)’s presumption
consequential here, circuit precedent holds that a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination under the Batson framework is a factual finding entitled to
the § 2254(e)(1) presumption of correctness. The district court correctly
stated the law in that regard. That presumption is not dispositive here, however, because Seals’s habeas claim independently fails both under § 2254(d)
and on de novo review.
Third, regardless of § 2254(d) and (e), Seals must establish entitlement to habeas relief on the merits by showing, as relevant here, a violation
of the constitutional right defined in Batson. As the district court explained
without considering the jury panelists’ voir dire answers, Seals failed to establish a prima facie case. Seals’s claim fails for that reason as well.
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A.
Federal law provides that a state prisoner may not receive habeas relief
on a claim adjudicated on the merits in state court unless that adjudication:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal
law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United
States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Neither of those provisions is satisfied here.
1. As interpreted in Batson and later cases, the constitutional right of
equal protection of the laws prohibits any party in litigation from using peremptory strikes based on a prospective juror’s race. Batson v. Kentucky, 476
U.S. 79 (1986); Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co.,
500 U.S. 614 (1991); Georgia v. McCollum,
505 U.S. 42 (1992). Although the burden of persuading the
court that a peremptory strike was based on race always rests with the party
claiming such discrimination, United States v. Bentley-Smith,
2 F.3d 1368,
1373 (5th Cir. 1993), courts can assess a Batson claim by shifting the burden
of producing evidence in a three-step process.
First, a challenger may use a variety of evidence to make out a prima
facie case that a strike was racially motivated. Batson, 476 U.S. at 95. A prima
facie case is one that raises an adverse inference of racial discrimination.
Id.
at 96. Batson lists factors that might undergird a prima facie case, such as a
party’s pattern of strikes, a party’s statements during voir dire and when exercising a strike, and whether “any other relevant circumstances raise an inference that [a party] used [peremptory strikes] to exclude the veniremen
from the petit jury on account of their race.”
Id. at 96–97.
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Second, if a prima facie case is made out, the party accused of racial
discrimination assumes the burden of articulating a race-neutral reason for
the strike. Id. at 97. “At this step of the inquiry, the issue is the facial validity
of the [striking party’s] explanation.” Hernandez v. New York,
500 U.S. 352,
360 (1991) (plurality opinion). “In evaluating the race neutrality of an attorney’s explanation,” the trial court must decide “whether, assuming the proffered reasons for the peremptory challenges are true, the challenges violate
the Equal Protection Clause as a matter of law.”
Id. at 359. The striking party
must state some reason for its strike because, otherwise, the prima facie case
of purposeful discrimination is enough to “require that [the judgment] be reversed.” Batson,
476 U.S. at 100.
Third, if a race-neutral reason is stated, the claimant has the opportunity to show that the stated reason is pretextual. The trial court must ultimately “determine if the [claimant] has established purposeful discrimination.” Id. at 98. The trial court’s decision on the “ultimate question of discriminatory intent represents a finding of fact.” Hernandez,
500 U.S. at 364.
That three-step process for assessing a claim of impermissible intent
in striking venire panelists “corresponds with [the Court’s] treatment of the
intent inquiry under Title VII.” Id. at 365 (citing Pullman-Standard v. Swint,
456 U.S. 273, 293 (1982)). And, in that context, the Supreme Court has explained that the prima-facie-case method was “never intended to be rigid,
mechanized, or ritualistic. Rather, it is merely a sensible, orderly way to evaluate the evidence in light of common experience as it bears on the critical
question of discrimination.” Furnco Constr. Corp. v. Waters,
438 U.S. 567, 577
(1978).
2. Seals contends that the state appellate court’s decision was an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the
Supreme Court in Batson and in Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 162 (2005).
That contention is unpersuasive.
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The Supreme Court in Batson expressed its “confidence that trial
judges, experienced in supervising voir dire, will be able to decide if the circumstances concerning the prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges creates a prima facie case of discrimination.” Batson, 476 U.S. at 97. The state
court of appeal here echoed that thought, recognizing that a trial judge “has
the advantage of observing the characteristics and demeanor of the attorneys
and prospective jurors,” such that the state appellate court “should not substitute its evaluation of the record for that of the trial judge” and should review its conclusions regarding an inference of discrimination with “great deference.” Seals,
83 So. 3d at 311.
Seals cites nothing in Batson holding that a trial court may not consider
all the circumstances before the court, including a struck panelist’s statements during voir dire. That can be relevant information—tending to make
the fact suggested by the challenger more or less probable than it would be
without the information. See Fed. R. Evid. 401. A stronger inference of
discrimination might be justified for a struck panelist with unobjectionable
answers during voir dire than for a struck panelist with answers that nearly
caused the judge to excuse the panelist for cause. See, e.g., United States v.
Forbes, 816 F.2d 1006, 1010 (5th Cir. 1987) (holding that the district court’s
observation that “a challenge for cause might have been justified” was more
than sufficient under Batson’s third step). Requiring a trial judge to close his
or her eyes to those circumstances would be contrary to the holistic approach
that Batson requires in weighing whether an adverse inference is warranted.
Batson,
476 U.S. at 94, 96 (holding that “the totality of the relevant facts”
and “any other relevant circumstances” must be considered).
Neither does Johnson v. California hold that a trial court may not consider such circumstances in deciding whether to draw an inference of purposeful discrimination. In Johnson, a trial court denied two Batson objections
at stage one of the burden-shifting framework, requiring the objecting party
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to “establish a ‘strong likelihood’ that the peremptory strikes had been impermissibly based on race” before shifting the burden of production to the
striking party. Johnson, 545 U.S. at 166. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the “strong likelihood” standard is not appropriate at stage one of
the burden-shifting framework.
Id. at 172–73.
Seals focuses on a factual detail in Johnson that was not invoked in the
Court’s reasoning or holding. As to one of the peremptory strikes, the trial
judge “explained that her own examination of the record had convinced her
that the prosecutor’s strikes could be justified by race-neutral reasons.” Id.
at 165. But Johnson did not hold that a venire panelist’s voir dire answers may
not even be considered at stage one of the burden-shifting framework. Johnson only held that a more-likely-than-not standard does not apply at that first
stage. Johnson expressly gave that standard’s applicability as the question
presented, noting conflicting answers to that question.
Id. at 164, 166. Johnson then reiterated that “[t]he issue in this case is narrow,”
id. at 168, and
succinctly stated its holding: “California’s ‘more likely than not’ standard is
an inappropriate yardstick by which to measure the sufficiency of a prima facie case.”
Id. Seals does not argue that either state-court decision here violated that holding by applying a more-likely-than-not standard. Nor could he.
The “critical point” in applying § 2254(d)(1)’s unreasonable-application clause is whether “it is so obvious that a clearly established rule applies
to a given set of facts that there could be no ‘fairminded disagreement’ on
the question.” White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 427 (2014) (citing Harrington
v. Richter,
562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011)). Seals fails to show that the state court of
appeal unreasonably applied clearly established federal law, as determined by
the Supreme Court, by considering venire panelists’ voir dire answers among
other circumstances in affirming the trial court’s finding regarding an inference of discrimination.
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3. Seals’s opening brief makes a cursory assertion that the state court
of appeal’s decision was also based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts in light of the evidence presented in the state-court proceeding, thus
satisfying § 2254(d)(2). But the argument that Seals provides toward that end
merely asserts that the trial court’s prima facie finding was wrong, without
explaining with any particularity why it is outside the bounds of reasonable
debate. Those are two different things. Mays v. Hines, 141 S. Ct. 1145, 1149
(2021) (“The term ‘unreasonable’ refers not to ordinary error or even to circumstances where the petitioner offers a strong case for relief, but rather to
extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice system.”) (internal quotation and alteration marks omitted); Morales v. Thaler,
714 F.3d 295, 303 n.5
(5th Cir. 2013) (noting that § 2254(d)(2) requires that a state court’s findings
be objectively unreasonable, not just disagreed with by the federal habeas
court). Seals’s assertion that § 2254(d)(2) is satisfied is deemed forfeited for
lack of adequate briefing. E.g., Hollis v. Lynch,
827 F.3d 436, 451 (5th Cir.
2016). In any event, Seals points to no evidence in the state court’s proceeding that shows its findings to be objectively unreasonable.
Because neither of § 2254(d)’s alternative provisions is satisfied here,
§ 2254(d) bars relief on Seals’s habeas claim.
B.
Seals next argues that the district court wrongly held that a presumption of correctness under § 2254(e)(1) attaches on federal habeas review to a
state court’s ruling on a prima facie showing of discrimination in jury selection. That argument fails under our binding circuit precedent, which holds:
“The state court’s determination that [a party] failed to make a prima facie
showing is a factual finding. Therefore, in reviewing this finding, we must
accord it a presumption of correctness, which can only be rebutted by clear
and convincing evidence.” Soria v. Johnson, 207 F.3d 232, 238 (5th Cir.
2000) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
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In any event, the § 2254(e)(1) presumption is not dispositive here because habeas relief is foreclosed by § 2254(d), as explained above. Indeed, the
district court did not rely on the § 2254(e)(1) presumption. After recognizing
that the presumption applies under circuit precedent, the district court ultimately concluded, not that Seals failed to muster clear and convincing evidence to rebut the presumption, but that “the state’s actions in this case do
not establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination.” The magistrate
judge’s report adopted by the district court likewise explained that Seals’s
Batson claim failed even without the clear-and-convincing standard: “Seals
has not offered to this court any evidence, much less clear and convincing evidence, to establish that the findings and conclusions of the state trial court
were unreasonable or unsupported by the record” (emphasis added).
C.
Regardless of any applicable deference under § 2254(d) and (e) to
state-court adjudications, Seals’s entitlement to federal habeas relief requires
him to show a violation of a constitutional or legal right. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(a); Berghuis v. Thompkins,
560 U.S. 370, 390 (2010) (rejecting a habeas claim because “even if AEDPA deference does not apply, Thompkins
cannot show prejudice under de novo review”). Seals argues on appeal that
his Batson claim succeeds on de novo review for essentially the same reasons
that he presented in district court. The district court, however, carefully and
extensively reviewed the record and explained that it did not make out a
prima facie case of purposeful racial discrimination. That analysis, moreover,
did not rely on the venire panelists’ voir dire answers.
We agree with that conclusion for the reasons given by the district
court. And Seals’s failure to show a violation of a constitutional or legal right
independently forecloses his claim for federal habeas relief.
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III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court denying
Seals’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus is AFFIRMED.
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