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The case is sufficiently stated in the opinion of the court, which was delivered by

Huston, J.

John Brubacker had made his .will and died several years ago, and appointed Henry Brubacker and Christian Roop his executors. In his will he had devised to Christian Roop and wife, a part of his land, already surveyed off to him by J. Jones, valued at forty-five dollars per acre: to' his son Joseph, a part adjoining Roop’s, and up to a certain fence, for life; and, after his death, to be sold and equally divided between his sons Henry and John, and his son-in-law, Christian Roop: and to his son John he had given the rest of his plantation lying above Joseph’s part, valued at forty-five dollars per acre: to his son .Henry he had given a tract of land in Ohio, to be appraised to him at a reasonable valuation, and if this tract shall amount to more than John’s and Christian Roop’s part, then he must pay to them at the rate of twenty-five-pounds yearly, to make all equal: if his amounts to less than their parts, they are to pay to him, to make all equal.

After some time, the executors having settled their accounts, and exceptions being taken to them, Joseph having died, and the part devised to him sold by the executors and purchased by Henry, and nothing yet done as to valuing the Ohio land, the parties agreed to refer to three men, to adjust and settle all matters in difference between the parties respecting the estate of John Brubacker, deceased, including the Ohio land, their several legacies, bequests, and shares, in the said estate, and all administration accounts, and in fact all and every matter and thing touching the said estate, with full power to make a final settlement, adjustment, and apportionment of all matters, accounts, and every matter between the parties touching the said will and settlement of the estate of John Brubacker. The award to be. in writing and final between the parties, without appeal, and may be entered up .in the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin county.

The arbitrators made a full and detailed report of the accounts of the executors, finding a balance from Henry to the estate of four hundred and twenty-two dollars and eighty-two cents, and a balance to Roop of forty dollars and fifty-one and a half gents. This part of the report charged Henry Brubacker with the.land he had bought, eighty-nine and a half acres, at thirty dollars and twenty-five cents. There were other matters also in the report, not necessary to be mentioned here, and it then proceeded:—“ That John Brubacker and Christian Roop, do take the Ohio lands at a just and reasonable valuation, to be fixed agreeably to the article of agreement entered *306into by and between the parties on the 2nd of September, 1823: ' That the said John Brubacker and Christian Roop give the said Henry Brubacker a credit for one third part of the appraised value of the Ohio. land:” and also contained some other matters not necessary to be here stated.

Christian Roop brought this suit against Henry Brubacker, and- it is for debt on settled account by reference. In his statement, he says he claims a debt dpe him by the' defendant, on a settlement made between them by the referees, (naming them,) and proceeds to set out the submission and award at full length, and then avers there, is due to him one third part of. the balance, found in the hands of H Brubacker, being on.e hundréd and forty-nine dollars and fifty-four cents, and also the sum of forty dollars and fifty-one cents, and some matters not necessary to be stated, and proceeds:—“ and the further sum of six-hundred dollars, being one third part of the value of the Ohio land; which, the plaintiff and John Brubacker were willing and desirous to have taken .at a just, and reasonable valuation according to the article of agreement entered into by and between .the parties, dated the 2nd of September, 1823; and the said-plaintiff further avers, that he has often before the bringing of this suit, requested the said Henry Brubacker to have the said Ohio lands valüed according to the aforesaid article of agreement, and then to cohvey the same to him and the said John Brubacker, but the said Henry hath always refused;” and then he states an account of all thé items of his claim, and avers them to be all due, and proceeds:—“and the said plaintiff further avers, that the said Henry Brubacker has- assumed, promised, and undertaken, to pay him the said amount of nine hundred and eighty dollars and eighty-eight cents, and interest from the 9th of October, 1823.”

I shall not undertake to decide whether this is a statement under our act of assembly or a declaration; or both,' or neither. The defendant made no objection to it and makes none now. To this the defendant pleaded payment, with leave to give the special matter in evidence, and gave notice in writing of all the matters which he offered in evidence, and particularly of the deficiency in the quantity of land sold to Henry.

On the trial the jury found for the plaintiff ninety-two dollars and ■ thirty cents, leaving the Ohio lands.out of the consideration of the jury. ■ -

There' was a motion for a new trial which was overruled, and an appeal to this court. The principal reasons relied on were, that the court permittéd evidence to showthat Henry Brubacker, who was charged with eighty-nine acres and a half of land at thirty dollars and twenty-five cents per acre, actually got about ten acres less land, and permitted the arbitrators to prove that they did not measure the land or consider the quantity in dispute before them; that all parties before them assumed that to be the quantity; that nothing was said about it, and they calculated, as the award showed,- on that basis; and one of the *307arbitrators proved, that since the award, he had re-surveyed the land, and that the real quantity was seventy-nine acres and some perches. . ■ . '

This point was argued as if the judge had admitted testimony to contradict 'and set aside the award, and received this testimony by the oath of the arbitrators. To put the sanctity of an award on the highest ground ever assumed, it is no greater than a judgment of a court; but a judgment is not conclusive of any matter not in. contest and not decided on. ' And in this case all that was .admitted was that the quantity,of land in the part sold to Henry Brubacker, was not in question, not disputed, and not considered as in dispute, and of course, not decided on by the arbitrators. It was then open to .proof in this case, and one. of the arbitrators who re-surveyed it, wa§ as competent, a witness, as any other .man, to prove the real quantity. The arbitrators may be examined to prove whether, a matter was acted on by them, or to pro.ve a mistake made by them. 2 Johns. Ch. Rep. 276.

The- next objection was to the Ohio lands. ■ The plaintiff relied on a right to recover as to them; because he had set out the award correctly; viz. “That John Brubacker md Jacob Roop, do take the Ohio land at a just and reásonable valuation, to be fixed agreeably to the articles of agreement entered into between the parties, dated the 2nd of September, 1S23: That the said John Brubacker and Christian Roop, give the said Henry' á credit for the one third part of the appraised value-of the Ohio land,” and had averred in the said narr. or statement, “that he believes there is justly due to him by the defendant, the further sum of six hundred dollars, being the one third part of the value of the Ohio lands which the plaintiff and John Brubacker were willing and desirous to have taken at a just and reasonable valuation, according to the article between the said parties, dated the 2nd of September, .1823; and the plaintiff avers, that he has often requested the defendant to have the said land valued according to the said article of agreement, and then to convey to the plaintiff.and John Brubacker, but the .said Henry has always refused.” As the.defendant had pleaded’paymént. with-leave, &c., the plaintiff contended this admitted the truth of évery averment in the ’declaration. . If this were true, it would not avail him,for he has only averred that he believes the Ohio lands are of such value as that his one third is worth six hundred.dollars; and no body ever before supposed an averment of damages for breach 'of covenant or promise, was any thing on which a j.ury could act. No testimony was given or offered .respecting'those. lands. -They were not mentioned by any witness and no document, except the will and award was before the court, in which they were even named. I do not rely on the defect of the averment, which omits to state that the plaintiff offered to choose men to value them, and offered to give Henry the credit, &c., but I deny totally the position that the plea ■of payment admits in any case any material averment, except the *308execution of the paper, and except what is admitted by the general issue in every action; viz. that the plaintiff and defendant are the parties who have a right to súe,' &c.

The act for defalcation, passed in 1705, gave the'first legislative authority to courts of law, for exercising chancery power. It is the germ from which all the equitable power of our courts over contracts sprang: it is of daily use; and, without it or a substitute for it, the justice, of half our causes could not be attained. We have a thousand adjudged cases on it; these are not exactly in terms the same, principally because when brought into consideration as to a particular question,, and in a particular aspect, the expressions of judges then used, and which only relate to the case before them, aré improperly considered as general, applicablé to all cases, and intended so by the judge; a most fruitful source of loose argument, and often of something worse. As we find this, fact alluded to, in so many cases, wé often look' only to the cases. The act is actually unknown, or affected to be unknown. It is a common expression, that it applies only to sealed instruments; and we have one reported case, in which it is decided there can be no set-off, and that no sum can be found in favour of a defendant under this act; whereas no sum can be found in favour.óf á defendant except under the express provisions of this act.

It is as follows:—

“ If two or more dealing together, be indebted to each other upon bonds, bills, bargains, promises; accounts, or the like, and one of them commence an action in any court in this province; if the de- . fendant' cannot gainsay the déed, bargain or assumption, upon which he is sued,- it shall be lawful for the defendant to plead payment of ail or part of the debt or sum demanded, and give any bond, bill, receipt, account, or bargain in evidence; and if it shall appear,” &c., and after; “ but if it ¿hall appear the plaintiff is overpaid, then they shall give their verdict for the defendant, and certify withal to the court howmuch they find the plaintiff to be indebted,” &e.

The old cases go to extend the benefits of this act, and some of the modern ones are of the same description; Steigleman v. Jeffries, 1 Serg. & Rawle, 477, and Heck v. Shener, 4 Serg. & Rawle, 249. In 1 Dall. 258, M‘Kean, C. J., in an important case, in which he tell§ us he delivered the unanimous opinion of the court, says the plea of payment^ with leave, is made the general issue by the law of this state; and further, on the plea of payment-in an action on a bond, and when the issue is joined on this plea, the jury may and ought to'presume every thing to have been paid, which ex equo et bono, in equity and. good conscience ought not to be paid; such is thecurrént of the determinations in the.Courtof Chancery in England; for though courts of justice cannot alter or destroy the contract of the parties, they may interfere to render it conformable to reason, justice, and conscience. It would be tedious to go through all the cases from 1 Dall. 17, that mistake or want *309of consideration may be given in evidence under this plea. That the defendant “ was unlettered,” may be, or that a bond given for one purpose was used for another, 2 Binn. .154; that the note was given for land held under the Connecticut title; that it was given for tickets in an illegal lottery: in short, we have cases which meet every possible case of defence of every kind, which go to show the .plaintiff ought not to recover. The plea is then a special defence or a general one, as the notice makes it one or the other. To be sure, ‘ it admits the execution of the instrument, or the having made a bargain, but nothing more. So entirely is this the case, that when the plaintiff declares on a bond or note, he can indeed read it without calling the subscribing witnesses or proving the handwriting, but the bond or note must be produced and read to the court, or its loss proved and the purport of it, or. there can be no 'recovery; and this is, and has been the universal practice and uniform decision of every court of late, and only of late we have heard of matters being admitted by the plea of payment. This idea arose from considering what could be proved under that plea at common law, where its nature and meaning were totally different from the one attached to it under our act: under that act, it is.a general issue, or it is absurd. The action against an endorser may be, perhaps ought to be, debt under the present law of this state. Payment, witb leave, &c., would be a good plea: it is a usual one,' The handwriting of the endorser need riot be proved, but no court has yet been called on to decide that the plaintiff is not bound to prove demand of the maker,- and refusal. Debt is the only- action on a book account now. The statement, unless it is demanded, need not give the particular items, nor specific price of each article, but must give the date of the commencement and end of the account, and state a sum as the amount. I do not know that, although non assumpsit was the usual plea while the action was assumpsit, that it is so now it .is changed to debt: payment with leave is the proper, or at least is a proper plea. I have not seen an attempt to recover without producing the book of original entries, and as the plaintiff must, on this plea, produce his bond or note, the lawyer who would direct his client to go to trial without any evidence, would not succeed. In Schlatter v. Etter, 13 Serg. & Rawle, 36, something on this subject will be found. The abstract of the case is not fully correct. That the plea of payment, with leave, to a statement, does not admit any fact not mentioned in the statement; if essential, the plaintiff must prove it, is true: but the case decided more than that.' It was a suit for the difference between certain country notes paid by the defendant to the plaintiff, and city notes; and the statement did aver ari agreement by the defendant to pay this difference,, provided it did not exceed ten per cent., and he produced the defendant’s agreement in writing, expressly to this effect, and -he expressly averred “that the _ discount and difference ip exchange on the above notes, amounted to two hundred and eleven dollars and eighty-four cents, being *310eight per cent.: that thirty-five dollars in part had been paid by the defendant, but that one hundred and seventy-six dollars and eighty-four cents remained due,” &c.; and the decision was, that the plaintiff could not recover without proving that the notes paid in, were not at par, and without proving what was the actual discount. I am not aware that any possible plea would have enabled the plaintiff to obtain a verdict in this case as to the Ohio lands, without some proof of their value, and also some evidence as to an attempt by the plaintiff, at an offer to- have them, valued..

In 15 Serg. & Rawle, 105, 106, Duncan, J., says, in speaking' of this plea,'which had been put into a bond of indemnity, “ What I understand by this is, that it puts every thing in issue contained in the notice of defencewhich protects the defendant, but it admits the execution of the deed set out, and the conditions expressed in it.”

To make the most of it, a plea may admit a contract as set out, but if the suit is for damages for non-performance of that contract, the damages-must be proved, or a jury give nominal damages. I am not aware that it was ever before contended that any plea admitted the averment of damages, for breach of an agreement to be ás set out, unless where the amount was part of the agreement. There was then no error in this direction to the jury,' that as no evidence had been given relative to the Ohio lands or the value of them, they could- not undertake to decide on, their value, especially in this action otn a settled account.

By the 19th- section of the act of the 2nd of J2pril,.\803, no cause shall be removed from any Court .off Common Pleas to the. Circuit Court, unless the plaintiff’s demand or the value of the controversy between the parties, shall exceed the sum of five hundred dollars; a,nd the next section directs' that the court wherein the said action, shall be tried, shall have power to make the party that removed the same pay the costs of suitj if in the opinión' of the said court, the action shall have been removed without a reasonable foundation of its being within the true spirit of and meaning of the aforesaid section.

The plaintiff removed this cause and recovered less than one hundred dollars, and gave no evidence or offered no evidence to prove, any demand exceeding five hundred dollars; and as further it is not apparent, how under that award, and in this suit, any such evidence could be offered, the court ordered and adjudged the plaintiff to pay the costs. In this there was no mistake. The Circuit Court sits in each county but once a year. The legislature intended its time should not be occupied by'trifling demands; the law requires a certificate of the counsel who removes it, that he verily believes it is within the true spirit and meaning of the act:, it cannot bé permitted to evade the law by, inserting in the narr. or statement, á matter which cannot be or is not intended to be tried, and thus raise the demand beyond five hundred dollars. Aware that causes might.be removed without minute investigation, of the amount really claimed, this penalty was intrusted to the court, and will be applied in all proper cases. Judgment affirmed-,

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