Houck v. Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University’s Empirical Analysis
10 F.3d 204 · 1993
Citation profile
15 federal appellate · 5 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 33 later decisions — most recently March 2019 · most notably Strag v. Board of Trustees (1995), Lavin-McEleney v. Marist College (2001)
15 federal appellate · 5 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 29 U.S.C. § 206 (Equal Pay Act of 1963)
Relies on Cook v. CSX Transportation Corp. · Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Aetna Insurance · Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Liggett & Myers Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 33 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“isolated incidents or random comparisons demonstrating disparities in treatment may be insufficient to draw a prima facie inference of discrimination without additional evidence that the alleged phenomenon of inequality also exists with respect to the entire relevant group of employees.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“she (1) receives lower pay than a male co-employee (2) for performing work substantially equal in skill, effort, and responsibility [3] under similar working conditions. The comparison must be made 'factor by factor with the male comparator.'”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“[t]he plaintiff may not compare herself to a hypothetical male with a composite average of a group's skill, effort, and responsibility.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.