Case: 23-1184 Document: 44 Page: 1 Filed: 05/02/2024
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
SNAPRAYS, DBA SNAPPOWER,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP,
Defendant-Appellee
______________________
2023-1184
______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
District of Utah in No. 2:22-cv-00403-DAK, Senior Judge
Dale A. Kimball.
______________________
Decided: May 2, 2024
______________________
ELLIOTT J. WILLIAMS, Stoel Rives LLP, Portland, OR,
argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by
NATHAN C. BRUNETTE; BRIAN PARK, Seattle, WA.
JEFFREY A. ANDREWS, Yetter Coleman, LLP, Houston,
TX, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by
DAVID JOSHUA GUTIERREZ, CHRISTOPHER JOHNSON.
______________________
Before MOORE, Chief Judge, LOURIE and DYK, Circuit
Judges.
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2 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP
MOORE, Chief Judge.
SnapRays, d/b/a SnapPower (SnapPower) appeals a
judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Utah dismissing its complaint for declaratory judgment of noninfringement against Lighting Defense Group
(LDG) for lack of personal jurisdiction. Because we conclude LDG purposefully directed extra-judicial patent enforcement activities at SnapPower in Utah, we reverse and
remand for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
LDG is a Delaware limited liability company with its
principal place of business in Arizona. LDG owns U.S. Patent No. 8,668,347. The ’347 patent relates to a cover for
an electrical receptacle including a faceplate and a transmission tab configured to be electrically connected to the
receptacle. ’347 patent at Abstract.
SnapPower is a Utah company with its principal place
of business in Utah. SnapPower designs, markets, and
sells electrical outlet covers with integrated guide lights,
safety lights, motion sensor lights, and USB charging technology. These activities take place in Utah. J.A. 144.
SnapPower sells its products on Amazon.com.
Amazon offers a low-cost procedure called the Amazon
Patent Evaluation Express (APEX) “[t]o efficiently resolve
claims that third-party product listings infringe utility patents.” J.A. 160. Under APEX, a third-party determines
whether a product sold on Amazon.com likely infringes a
utility patent, and if so, Amazon removes the listing from
Amazon.com. J.A. 163. To initiate an evaluation under
APEX, a patent owner submits an APEX Agreement to Amazon which identifies one claim of a patent and up to 20
allegedly infringing listings. J.A. 161. Amazon then sends
the APEX Agreement to all identified sellers. J.A. 160.
Each seller has three options to avoid automatic removal of
their accused listings: (1) opt into the APEX program and
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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 3
proceed with the third-party evaluation; (2) resolve the
claim directly with the patent owner; or (3) file a lawsuit
for declaratory judgment of noninfringement. J.A. 66–67.
If the seller takes no action in response to the APEX Agreement, the accused listings are removed from Amazon.com
after three weeks. J.A. 160.
In May 2022, LDG submitted an APEX Agreement alleging certain SnapPower products sold on Amazon.com infringed the ’347 patent. Amazon notified SnapPower of the
APEX Agreement and the available options. J.A. 66–67.
After receiving the notification, SnapPower and LDG exchanged emails regarding the notice. J.A. 95. The parties
also held a conference call, but no agreement was reached.
SnapPower subsequently filed an action for declaratory
judgment of noninfringement. LDG moved to dismiss for
lack of personal jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(2). The district court granted LDG’s motion, holding it lacked specific personal jurisdiction over
LDG. SnapRays, LLC v. Lighting Def. Grp. LLC, No. 2:22-
CV-403-DAK-DAO, 2022 WL 16712899 (D. Utah Nov. 4,
2022) (Decision).
The district court concluded LDG lacked sufficient contacts with Utah for it to exercise specific personal jurisdiction. Id. at *5. Specifically, the district court found
SnapPower did not demonstrate LDG purposefully directed activities at SnapPower in Utah, or that the action
arose out of or related to any LDG activities in Utah. Id.
Instead, the district court found LDG’s allegations of infringement were directed toward Amazon in Washington,
where the APEX Agreement was sent. Id. at *4. The district court found that while there may have been foreseeable effects in Utah, there was no evidence that LDG
reached out to Utah except in response to SnapPower’s
communications. Id. The district court also noted that under Federal Circuit law, principles of fair play and substantial justice support a finding that LDG is not subject to
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4 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP
specific personal jurisdiction in Utah. Id. at *5 (citing Red
Wing Shoe Co. v. Hockerson-Halberstadt, Inc., 148 F.3d
1355, 1360–61 (Fed. Cir. 1998)). SnapPower appeals. We
have jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
DISCUSSION
Personal jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo. Autogenomics, Inc. v. Oxford Gene Tech. Ltd.,
566 F.3d 1012, 1016 (Fed. Cir. 2009). This appeal involves
only claims of patent noninfringement, so “we apply Federal Circuit law because the jurisdictional issue is intimately involved with the substance of the patent laws.”
Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Avocent
Huntsville Corp. v. Aten Intern. Co., Ltd.,
552 F.3d 1324,
1328 (Fed. Cir. 2008)).
“Determining whether personal jurisdiction exists over
an out-of-state defendant involves two inquiries: whether a
forum state’s long-arm statute permits service of process,
and whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction would
violate due process.” Inamed Corp. v. Kuzmak, 249 F.3d
1356, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Utah’s long-arm statute is “extended to the fullest extent allowed by due process of law.”
Starways, Inc. v. Curry,
980 P.2d 204, 206 (Utah 1999).
Therefore, “the two inquiries collapse into a single inquiry:
whether jurisdiction comports with due process.” Inamed,
249 F.3d at 1360.
Here, where the parties agree there is no general jurisdiction over LDG, we have set forth a three-factor test for
whether specific personal jurisdiction comports with due
process: “(1) whether the defendant ‘purposefully directed’
its activities at residents of the forum; (2) whether the
claim ‘arises out of or relates to’ the defendant’s activities
with the forum; and (3) whether assertion of personal jurisdiction is ‘reasonable and fair.’” Xilinx, Inc. v. Papst Licensing GmbH & Co. KG, 848 F.3d 1346, 1353 (Fed. Cir.
2017) (citing Inamed,
249 F.3d at 1360). “The first two factors comprise the ‘minimum contacts’ portion of the
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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 5
jurisdictional framework. . . .” Jack Henry & Assocs., Inc.
v. Plano Encryption Techs. LLC,
910 F.3d 1199, 1204 (Fed.
Cir. 2018). Where the first two factors are satisfied, specific jurisdiction is “presumptively reasonable.” Xilinx,
848
F.3d at 1356. The burden then shifts to the defendant to
present “a compelling case that the presence of some other
considerations would render jurisdiction unreasonable.”
Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz,
471 U.S. 462, 477 (1985).
I
SnapPower argues that LDG purposefully directed enforcement activities at Utah when it initiated the APEX
program. We agree LDG purposefully directed its activities at SnapPower in Utah, intending effects which would
be felt in Utah, and conclude this satisfies the first element
of our test for specific personal jurisdiction. LDG intentionally submitted the APEX Agreement to Amazon. The
APEX Agreement identified SnapPower listings as allegedly infringing. LDG knew, by the terms of APEX, Amazon
would notify SnapPower of the APEX Agreement and inform SnapPower of the options available to it under APEX.
J.A. 160. If SnapPower took no action, its listings would be
removed, which would necessarily affect sales and activities in Utah. SnapPower therefore sufficiently alleged
LDG “undertook intentional actions that were expressly
aimed at th[e] forum state,” and “foresaw (or knew) the effects of its action would be felt in the forum state.” Dudnikov, 514 F.3d at 1077. This satisfies the first factor.
This decision is consistent with our sister circuits
which held extra-judicial enforcement activities, even
when routed through a third-party, satisfy purposeful direction. Dudnikov v. Chalk & Vermilion Fine Arts, Inc.,
514 F.3d 1063 (10th Cir. 2008); Bancroft & Masters, Inc. v.
August National Inc.,
223 F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled in part on other grounds by Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue
Contre Le Racisme Et L’Antisemitisme,
433 F.3d 1199, 1207
(9th Cir. 2006) (holding that “the ‘brunt’ of the harm need
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6 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP
not be suffered in the forum state” and “[i]f a jurisdictionally sufficient amount of harm is suffered in the forum
state, it does not matter that even more harm might have
been suffered in another state”).
In Dudnikov, the Tenth Circuit concluded a Colorado
court had specific personal jurisdiction over a copyright
owner where that owner submitted a notice of claimed infringement (NOCI) to eBay’s Verified Rights Owner
(VeRO) program. Dudnikov, 514 F.3d at 1068. Under the
VeRO program, eBay automatically terminated the plaintiffs’ auction when a NOCI was submitted.
Id. The court
reasoned that while the defendants’ NOCI was technically
directed at California, where eBay was located, defendants’
“express aim in acting was to halt a Colorado-based sale by
a Colorado resident, and neither the lack of defendants’
physical presence in Colorado nor the fact that they used a
California-based entity to effectuate this purpose diminish
this fact.”
Id. at 1076.
The Ninth Circuit reached a similar conclusion in Bancroft. There, the court concluded a California district court
had specific personal jurisdiction over a defendant who
sent a letter to Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI), the sole registrar of domain names in the United States at the time,
challenging plaintiff’s use of a domain name. Bancroft, 223
F.3d at 1084–85. Like Dudnikov, defendant’s letter automatically triggered NSI’s dispute resolution process, which
would result in the plaintiff losing the domain name unless
a declaratory judgment action was filed. Id. at 1085. The
court reasoned the defendant acted intentionally when it
sent the letter, and even though the letter was sent to NSI
in Virginia, it was expressly aimed at the plaintiff in California because it individually targeted the plaintiff, a California corporation, and the effects would foreseeably be felt
primarily in California.
Id. at 1088.
LDG argues our precedent requires a different outcome. In Avocent, Avocent argued the purposeful direction
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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 7
element was satisfied by letters sent by the defendant to
Amazon and Avocent because “the intended effect of the
letters was to slow the sale of Avocent’s allegedly infringing
products.” 552 F.3d at 1340. We held sending the letters
did not constitute purposefully directed activities because
“a patent owner may, without more, send cease and desist
letters to a suspected infringer, or its customers, without
being subjected to personal jurisdiction in the suspected infringer’s home state.”
Id. (emphasis added) (quoting
Breckenridge Pharm., Inc. v. Metabolite Lab’ys, Inc.,
444
F.3d 1356, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2006)). Importantly, the letters
sent by Aten did not have any automatic effect. In other
words, the letters could be ignored without automatic consequences to Avocent and Avocent’s business activities.
The APEX Agreement goes beyond a cease and desist letter
because, absent action by SnapPower in response to the
APEX Agreement, SnapPower’s listings would have been
removed from Amazon.com. J.A. 67. The automatic
takedown process, which would affect sales and activities
in the forum state, is the “more” Avocent envisioned.
Second, LDG argues we are bound by Radio Systems
Corp. v. Accession, Inc., 638 F.3d 785 (Fed. Cir. 2011),
where we rejected the logic of Dudnikov and Bancroft. We
do not agree. In Radio Systems, we held interactions between the defendant’s counsel and the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) did not give rise to personal jurisdiction.
638 F.3d at 792. The defendant in Radio Systems alerted
the PTO to the existence of the patent in question during
examination of plaintiff’s patent.
Id. at 788. The defendant did not initiate extra-judicial patent enforcement or
reach into the forum state to affect allegedly infringing
sales. To the extent LDG argues Radio Systems stands for
the idea that in personam patent enforcement within the
forum state is necessary to create specific personal jurisdiction, courts have held otherwise. See, e.g., Trimble Inc.
v. PerDiem Co. LLC,
997 F.3d 1147, 1155–56 (Fed. Cir.
2021) (describing relevant contacts such as sending
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8 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP
communications into the forum state); see also Burger
King,
471 U.S. at 467 (“So long as a commercial actor’s efforts are ‘purposefully directed’ toward residents of another
State, we have consistently rejected the notion that an absence of physical contacts can defeat personal jurisdiction
there.”).
Third, LDG argues we also rejected Dudnikov and Bancroft in Maxchief Investments, Ltd. v. Wok & Pan Industry,
Inc., 909 F.3d 1134 (Fed. Cir. 2018). We do not agree. In
Maxchief, we held a patentee’s suit against a company in
California did not give rise to specific personal jurisdiction
over the patentee in Tennessee, the home state of a downstream distributor of the California company.
909 F.3d at
1138. “[I]t is not enough that [the patentee’s] lawsuit
might have ‘effects’ in Tennessee. Rather, jurisdiction
‘must be based on intentional conduct by the defendant’ directed at the forum.”
Id. (quoting Walden v. Fiore,
571 U.S.
277, 286 (2014)). The lawsuit filed in California was directed at California, not Tennessee, and any effects that
might be felt in Tennessee were too attenuated to satisfy
minimum contacts. Id. at 1139. There was no enforcement
action, or any action at all, taken against the Tennessee
distributor or directed at Tennessee. Here, however, LDG
purposefully directed the APEX Agreement, through Amazon in Washington, at SnapPower in Utah. LDG’s express
aim was the removal of SnapPower’s Amazon.com listings,
which would necessarily affect sales, marketing, and other
activities in Utah.
Fourth, LDG argues Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277,
(2014), requires affirmance. The Supreme Court in Walden
held Nevada did not have specific personal jurisdiction over
a Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) officer in a suit seeking
money damages under Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents,
403 U.S. 388 (1971). Walden,
571 U.S. at 281.
The Court explained “the plaintiff cannot be the only link
between the defendant and the forum. Rather, it is the defendant’s conduct that must form the necessary connection
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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 9
with the forum State that is the basis for its jurisdiction
over him.”
Id. at 285 (citing Burger King,
471 U.S. at 478).
The Court concluded that the defendant’s actions of approaching, questioning, searching, and seizing the money
of plaintiffs in the Atlanta airport was not directed at Nevada, the home state of the plaintiffs. Id. at 288. The Court
also concluded that drafting a “false probable cause affidavit” in Georgia, sent to the United States Attorney’s Office
in Georgia, did not connect the defendant to Nevada. Id.
The plaintiffs’ connections to Nevada did not satisfy minimum contacts of the defendant with Nevada. Id. at 289.
The Walden Court distinguished the result in Calder v.
Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984), where the out-of-state action
“connected the defendants’ conduct to California, not just
to a plaintiff who lived there.” Id. at 288 (emphasis in original). In Calder, the Court found specific personal jurisdiction where an out-of-state defendant wrote an allegedly
libelous article about a resident of California. Calder,
465
U.S. at 791. The Walden Court explained that the effects
of the alleged libel, loss of reputation through communication to third persons, connected the defendant to California
and not just the resident of California. Walden,
465 U.S.
at 287. Here as well, the intended effect would necessarily
affect marketing, sales, and other activities within Utah.
We therefore conclude LDG’s actions were purposefully directed at residents of Utah.
II.
The second factor in the test for whether specific personal jurisdiction comports with due process asks whether
the claim arises out of or relates to the defendant’s activities with the forum. Xilinx, 848 F.3d at 1353. LDG argues
SnapPower’s action for declaratory judgment of noninfringement does not arise from or relate to any activity by
LDG in Utah because the APEX Agreement was sent to
Washington, not Utah. Because we hold LDG’s action of
submitting the APEX Agreement was directed towards
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10 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP
SnapPower in Utah and aimed to affect marketing, sales,
and other activities in Utah, we also conclude SnapPower’s
suit arises out of defendant’s activities with the forum.
III.
Having satisfied the first two factors, specific jurisdiction is “presumptively reasonable.” Xilinx, 848 F.3d at
1356. LDG argues, under the third factor, the assertion of
specific personal jurisdiction over it in Utah would be unfair and unreasonable. The “crux” of LDG’s argument is
“based on concerns about how ruling for SnapPower in this
matter opens the floodgates of personal jurisdiction and allow lawsuits against any APEX participant anywhere in
the country.” Response Br. at 51. The district court agreed
with LDG, noting under our case law, “principles of fair
play and substantial justice afford a patentee sufficient latitude to inform others of its patent rights without subjecting itself to jurisdiction in a foreign forum.” Decision at *5
(quoting Red Wing Shoe, 148 F.3d at 1360–61)). We conclude LDG did not meet its burden to present “a compelling
case that the presence of some other considerations would
render jurisdiction unreasonable.” Burger King,
471 U.S.
at 477.
First, we are unpersuaded that our holding will open
the floodgates of personal jurisdiction, or that such a result
is inherently unreasonable. Parties who participate in
APEX by submitting an Agreement will only be subject to
specific personal jurisdiction where they have targeted a
forum state by identifying listings for removal that, if removed, affect the marketing, sales, or other activities in
that state. LDG has not presented any compelling argument for why this result is unreasonable.
Second, our holding does not disturb the policy of Red
Wing Shoe. Red Wing Shoe held principles of fair play and
substantial justice protected a patentee from being subject
to specific personal jurisdiction in a forum where the only
contact with the forum is sending a cease and desist letter.
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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 11
148 F.3d at 1361. We explained that a “patentee should
not subject itself to personal jurisdiction in a forum solely
by informing a party who happens to be located there of
suspected infringement.”
Id. Here, LDG did more than
send a cease and desist letter. LDG initiated a process
that, if SnapPower took no action, would result in SnapPower’s listings being removed from Amazon.com, necessarily affecting sales activities in Utah. LDG has not
articulated a compelling argument why it would be unfair
or unreasonable for it to be subject to specific personal jurisdiction in Utah under these circumstances.
CONCLUSION
We have considered LDG’s other arguments and find
them unpersuasive. Because LDG’s actions satisfy the
three-factor test for specific personal jurisdiction, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
REVERSED AND REMANDED
COSTS
No costs.
