State v. Kolendar

¶1Defendant was charged with driving under the influence of intoxicants (DUII). ORS 813.010. The state appeals a pretrial order suppressing evidence, ORS 138.060(3), and we reverse.

¶2Deputy Davis was investigating a party where minors were consuming alcohol. He learned that a person in a beige pickup truck had bought the alcohol for them. While in the house, he noticed a “lighter color” pickup drive by twice. It attracted his attention, because he thought that it might be the pickup that the minors had described and because it had only one functioning headlight. Davis went outside. When the truck passed again, he hailed it to stop, using his flashlight. He testified that he stopped it because of its color and the missing headlight. He also testified that there was nothing else unusual about the pickup or the manner in which it was being driven.

¶3Davis asked defendant, who was driving, for his license and told him that he had only one functioning headlight. While talking with defendant, Davis smelled the odor of alcohol on his breath. He described the odor as “moderate” (as distinct from “weak” or “strong”) and “extremely stale.” Davis asked defendant to get out so that he could conduct field sobriety tests. When he got out of the pickup, defendant was unsteady in standing and walking. Davis read him the Miranda rights before administering four sobriety tests. Defendant did not pass the tests. Davis arrested him and took him to the county jail, where he underwent a breath test. His blood alcohol reading was .13.

¶4Defendant moved to suppress all evidence obtained after the stop. At the pretrial hearing, he argued that the stop was unlawful, because Davis used the headlight as a pretext to stop him to inquire about furnishing alcohol to minors. He also contended that Davis lacked a reasonable suspicion to stop him or, having stopped him for another reason, to expand the investigation to include DUII.

¶5The trial court found that Davis saw one non-functioning headlight and that he stopped defendant because of it. Those findings are supported by the record and bind us on

¶6*322appeal. State v. Warner, 284 Or 147, 156, 585 P2d 681 (1978). The trial court then held:

“But that once the defendant gave him his driver’s license and absent anything other than the odor of alcohol as described by the officer, that the scope of the inquiry had to be restricted to the purpose of the stop, that being the one headlight. That there was nothing in addition to justify the expansion of this investigation into a driving-under-the-influence-of-intoxicants investigation, given that the officer noted absolutely no other indicia of any problem relating to the operation of the vehicle and the consumption of alcohol.”

¶7We first observe that the officer’s initial stop and inquiry were lawful. An otherwise lawful traffic stop is not invalid merely because the officer suspects that the driver may be involved in other criminal activity. State v. Zimmerlee, 45 Or App 107, 112, 607 P2d 782, rev den 289 Or 71 (1980). On appeal, defendant does not challenge the lawfulness of the initial stop or the inquiry about his license and headlight. Neither does defendant dispute that he was driving.

¶8The state argues that the odor of alcohol, together with the officer’s observation of the missing headlight, provided a reasonable suspicion that defendant was driving under the influence of intoxicants. The state claims that the faulty equipment permitted an inference that defendant was inattentive to his driving. However, a non-functioning headlight can result from many factors having nothing to do with a driver’s present lack of attention to driving. It adds little, if anything, to the objective basis for the officer’s decision to ask defendant to take field sobriety tests. Consequently, the issue here is whether the odor of alcohol on defendant’s breath, by itself, supported a reasonable suspicion that he had been driving under the influence of intoxicants and, therefore, justified the expansion of the scope and duration of the stop. See ORS 131.615; State v. Lumsden, 93 Or App 604, 607, 763 P2d 194 (1988).

¶9Defendant acknowledges that “a reasonable person under the circumstances would be able to determine that defendant had consumed a moderate amount to drink and [had] then driven a motor vehicle.” He points out that those facts alone do not constitute the crime of DUII and asserts that the state must show that the consumption of alcohol *323affected his “physical or mental capabilities to a perceptible degree.” Even if that were true,1 an officer does not need certainty or even probable cause, but only a reasonable suspicion, to support an investigation. The possibility that there may be a non-criminal explanation for the facts observed or that the officer’s suspicion will turn out to be wrong does not defeat the reasonableness of the suspicion. The odor of alcohol on a person’s breath is an objective, observable fact that permits an officer reasonably to suspect intoxication. See State v. Clark, 286 Or 33, 39, 593 P2d 123 (1979); State v. Lumsden, supra.

¶10Reversed and remanded.2