¶1This is an appeal by defendant from a judgment in favor of plaintiff, and from an order denying defendant’s motion for a new trial.
¶2This is an action to recover damages for personal *211injuries sustained by respondent, and caused by bis falling into a deep excavation in a sidewalk on a lot and premises owned by appellant, and situated on the corner of Washington and Kearny streets, in the city and county of San Francisco. At the time of the accident appellant was constructing a building on said lot, and an excavation about fourteen feet deep had been made in the sidewalk, and left unprotected by any barricades or lights around it. About ten o’clock, p. m., of the evening of November 19, 1889, the respondent, a stranger in the city, while walking along Washington street, fell into said excavation, and was seriously injured. He was not guilty of contributory negligence.
¶3The main ground upon which appellant contends for a reversal is, that he had made several different contracts wúth several different parties by which each of said parties was to do the work, and to furnish materials necessary to the completion of particular parts of said building; that said parties were independent contractors, and not servants, of appellant; and that, therefore, the doctrine of respondeat superior does not apply, and the parties who made said excavation under said contracts are alone answerable for any injury which respondent may have sustained in the manner alleged in the complaint.
¶4Counsel on both sides have argued the case in their briefs with great industry and ability, and have cited many authorities. This was highly commendable in counsel, and has aided the court to see the case from many points of view; but damage cases of this class come here quite frequently, and we cannot be expected in each casé to elaborately review the whole field of authorities applicable to such cases.
¶5Counsel for respondent argues with much force that the contracts relied on by appellant have so many conditions and reservations, and give to appellant so much revisory and controlling power over the contractors as to the employment of workmen, choice of materials, etc., as to take the case entirely out of the rule invoked *212by appellant as independent contractors. But, without passing upon that point, we think that the contention of appellant must be decided against him, upon the authority of the cases of Colgrove v. Smith, 102 Cal. 220, and Barry v. Terkildsen, 72 Cal. 254, 1 Am. St. Rep. 55. In the first place, the maintenance of the excavation was unlawful, because there was no compliance with a certain ordinance of the city on that subject, and appellant could not relieve himself of the duty of complying with said ordinance by shifting it on to a contractor. (Colgrove v. Smith, 102 Cal. 220.) In the second place, an excavation like the one in the case at bar in the sidewalk of a populous street in a city is “ so dangerous a pitfall as to be, in its character, of the nature of a nuisance”; and he who causes it to be done, knowing beforehand its nature and character, cannot escape liability to one who innocently falls into it, upon the ground that he let out the job of creating the nuisance to a contractor. (Barry v. Terkildsen, 72 Cal. 254; 1 Am. St. Rep. 55.)
¶6Most of the specific points made by appellant are involved in the above propositions. We think there was sufficient evidence upon the point of the nature of respondent’s injuries to warrant the court in instructing the jury that they might consider “how far permanent and lasting his injuries may be in their character”; and we see no error in the instructions to the jury in any other respect. It was not error to admit the ordinance of the city offered by respondent. There are a number of minor points made by appellant under the head of “Miscellaneous Exceptions”; but we do not think that either of such exceptions was well taken, or that either of them needs special mention.
¶7The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
¶8De Haven, J., and Fitzgerald, J., concurred.
¶9Hearing in Bank denied.