Martin v. Heideman’s Empirical Analysis
106 F.3d 1308 · 1997
Citation profile
30 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 68 later decisions — most recently August 2024 · most notably Payne v. Pauley (2003), Darrah v. City of Oak Park (2001)
30 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Anderson v. City of Bessemer City · Graham v. Connor
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 68 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(b) Separate Trials. The court, in furtherance of convenience or to avoid prejudice, or when separate trials will be conducive to expedition and economy, may order a separate trial of any claim, cross-claim, counterclaim, or thirdparty claim, or of any separate issue or of any number of claims, cross-claims, counterclaims, third-party claims, or issues, always preserving inviolate the right of trial by jury as declared by the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution or as given by a statute of the United States.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“... In determining whether excessive force was used, courts must ask whether the officer’s actions, in light of the totality of the circumstances, were objectively reasonable. Because this is a test of objective reasonableness, the underlying motivations of the officer in making the arrest should not be examined. In determining whether an officer’s actions were reasonable, the specific facts of each case are key. Courts should pay particular attention to “the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” While courts must look to the totality of the circumstances in determining whether a seizure was reasonable, they must be sure to view those facts “from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“heavy burden” in trying to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that a police officer was not entitled to qualified immunity). 13 . Because Wirth is entitled to qualified immunity, it is unnecessary to address Wirth’s invocation of the Leon good-faith reliance doctrine. 14 .”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.