Klinger’s Empirical Analysis
1997
Citation profile
4 federal appellate · 1 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 16 later decisions — most recently January 2019
4 federal appellate · 1 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 20 U.S.C. § 1681 (§ 901 of the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972) · 20 U.S.C. § 1687 (§ 908 of the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972) · 28 U.S.C. § 1292
Relies on Lewis Director Arizona Department of Corrections v. Casey · Bounds v. Smith · Farrar v. Hobby · United States v. Virginia · Grove City College v. Bell
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 16 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“all of the operations of— (1)(A) a department, agency, special purpose district, or other instrumentality of a State or of a local government; or (B) the entity of such State or local government that distributes such assistance and each such department or agency (and each other State or local government entity) to which the assistance is extended, in the case of assistance to a State or local government; any part of which is extended Federal financial assistance.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[i]t is beyond controversy that male and female prisoners may lawfully be segregated into separate institutions within a prison system, and that "[g]ender-based prisoner segregation and segregation based upon prisoners' security levels are common and necessary practices.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance,”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.