United States v. Toro-Pelaez’s Empirical Analysis
1997
Citation profile
30 federal appellate · 15 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 82 later decisions — most recently May 2025 · most notably United States v. Romero (2007), United States v. Villa-Chaparro (1997)
30 federal appellate · 15 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 28 U.S.C. § 1291 · 28 U.S.C. § 294
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · United States v. Olano · Anderson v. City of Bessemer City · Schneckloth v. Bustamonte · Doyle v. Ohio
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 82 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“To establish a voluntary waiver of Fifth Amendment rights, the government must show (1) that the waiver was the product of free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception; and (2) that the waiver was made in full awareness of the nature of the right being waived and the consequences of waiving.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[a]n express statement of waiver by the defendant is not required; instead, waiver can be inferred from the defendant's actions and words.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Although the troopers’ testimony is at odds with that of the defendant’s witness, when there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous. Implicit in the district court’s order denying [defendant’s] motion to suppress is the court’s resolution of credibility issues in favor of the troopers.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.