Lange-Kessler v. Department of Education’s Empirical Analysis
109 F.3d 137 · 1997
Citation profile
5 federal appellate · 3 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 11 later decisions — most recently February 2021
5 federal appellate · 3 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Celotex Corporation v. Catrett H · Roe v. Wade · Singleton v. Wulff · Griswold v. State of Connecticut · San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 11 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“presumed to have a rational basis unless the plaintiff shows that 'the legislative facts upon which the [statute] is based could not reasonably be conceived to be true by the governmental decisionmaker.' ” Lange-Kessler v. Dep’t of Educ., 109 F.3d 137 , 140 (2d Cir.1997) (quoting Vance v. Bradley, 440 U.S. 93, 111 , 99 S.Ct. 939 , 59 L.Ed.2d 171 (1979)). Plaintiff has offered no such evidence. 20 . The Necessary and Proper Clause provides that u[t]he Congress shall have Power''”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.