¶1delivered the opinion of the Court.
¶2*4This is an action to recover damages for alleged slanderous words spoken by Cooley, the plaintiff in error, of and concerning Galyon, the defendant in error, while being examined as a witness before the master upon a reference to ascertain damages resulting from the wrongful suing out of an injunction issued in the case of Eckle et al. against the Florence Crittendon Home, lately pending in the chancery court of Knox county. Galyon and Cooley were both contractors and builders residing in Knoxville, and neither was a party to the chancery cause.
¶3The declaration contains two counts — one in slander and one in libel — both predicated upon the same words, which are hereinafter set out, in stating the averments of a special plea filed by the defendant. It is averred that the words were falsely and maliciously spoken and published of and concerning the plaintiff, with respect to his occupation and business as a builder and contractor, to his damage, five thousand dollars.
¶4The defendant filed a plea of not guilty, and a special plea in which he says that he uttered the language complained of while being examined as a witness in a suit pending in the chancery court of Knox county, styled “G. B. Eckle et al. v. Florence Crittendon Home,” in answer to questions put to him by counsel in the said cause; that the bill in said cause was filed to enjoin the Florence Crittendon Home from completing a house then in course of construction, *5and designed as a home for fallen women; that an injunction was issued in said cause, and remained in force until the cause was heard and the bill dismissed; that upon a reference to the master to hear proof, and report what damages, if any, the Florence Crittendon Home had sustained by reason of the wrongful suing out of said injunction, it was proven that at the time the injunction was issued, the Florence Crittendon Home had awarded the contract for the building of said house to Thomas & Turner, contractors, for the contract price of $2,497, and that after the dissolution of the injunction they refused to carry out the contract, because of an advance in wages and material, unless the Florence Crittendon Home would pay them the additional sum of $303.90; that the complainants, Eclde and others, claimed that Galyon, who was alleged to be a reliable contractor, was then offering to do the building for the original contract price of $2,497, and that therefore the defendant was not damaged by the wrongful suing out of the injunction; that upon this reference the defendant, who was in no way interested in or connected with said litigation, was called and sworn as a witness in behalf of the Florence Crittendon Home, to prove the advance in the price of labor and material, and on cross-examination by the complainant’s solicitors, he was asked questions, and made answers thereto, as follows: “Q. Is Mr. Galyon a reliable contractor? A. I know Mr. *6Galyon hasn't paid ns for some bills that he bought last year. We would not sell him lumber to-day without cash. Q. He is considered reliable with respect to his work, is he not? A. That depends on bjgw broad a sweep you give the word ‘reliable.’ If you mean he faithfully performs all his contracts in every particular, I must say he is not reliable. In other words, I will be a little more explicit. He will complete a contract, and put in an inferior grade of material than what is called for in the specifications;” that these answers had reference to the said inquiry, and were fairly responsive to the questions asked him by counsel; and that they were absolutely privileged under the law. He denies that he uttered the words maliciously. While this defense could have been made under the general issue, it could also be made by special plea. Shadden v. McElwee, 86 Tenn., 148 (5 S. W., 602; 61 Am. St. Rep., 821).
¶5Issue was joined, and the case was tried by the circuit judge and a jury, and upon the trial the plaintiff introduced the solicitor of the complainants in the cause of Eckle and others against the’ Florence Crittendon Home, as a witness in his behalf, and had him identify the original bill, the answer, the decree denying the complainants relief, and ordering the reference to the master to ascertain the damages sustained by the defendant by reason of the wrongful issuance of the injunction, and *7the deposition giren by defendant, Cooley, in the chancery canse; the original papers being used by consent, all of which were then read in evidence by the plaintiff.
¶6Upon cross-examination the witness identified the depositions of other witnesses taken in the cause, the report of the master allowing damages to the defendant in that cause, and the decree confirming the same, which were then read to the jury by 'defendant’s attorney. Other evidence was introduced by the plaintiff tending to prove that the defendant gave the deposition read, and entertained malice toward the plaintiff.
¶7The proof introduced by the plaintiff sustained the averments of the special plea, and upon the conclusion of plaintiff’s evidence the defendant filed a demurrer, in proper form, thereto, which was overruled by the court, and the damages of the plaintiff assessed by the jury at five hundred dollars, and judgment given therefor; and the defendant has brought the case before this court, and assigns error.
¶8For the plaintiff it is said that the defendant, by calling out and reading in evidence those portions of the record in the chancery cause which the plaintiff had not offered, introduced original evidence in his behalf, and lost his right to demur to the .evidence of the plaintiff, and that for this reason the action of the court in overruling the demurrer was correct, regardless of other questions. It is true that, *8if a defendant introduce any original evidence in Ms behalf, he can not demur to the evidence of the plaintiff ; but can it be said that the evidence elicited by the defendant in this case was original evidence? Clearly not. The plaintiff had introduced part of the record in the chancery cause, and it was perfectly competent for the defendant to call for the remainder of it. It would have been the better practice to have required the plaintiff to read the entire record; but, having failed to do so, the defendant had the right to call for the rest of it, and examine the witness then upon the stand in, relation to it. This was legitimate cross-examination, in the strictest sense, as the evidence brought out related to and was germane to that elicited in the examination in chief. But whether germane or not, the defendant had the right to bring out upon cross-examination any matter pertinent to the issue; the rule in Tennessee being that the cross-examination is only limited by relevancy and competency of the evidence sought to be introduced, and the defendant, by exercising this right, is not precluded from demurring to the evidence. This question was fully discussed in the case of Sands v. Railway Co., 108 Tenn., 1 (64 S. W., 478), and the rule there stated as here applied.
¶9The question upon which this case must be determined is whether the language imputed to the defendant is actionable. It is well settled that de*9famatory words falsely spoken or written of one, which prejudice him in his business or occupation, are actionable, without proof of special damage; and, therefore, the publication of the words imput’ed to the defendant, other questions out of the way, would entitle plaintiff to recover. Bank v. Bowdre, 92 Tenn., 728 (23 S. W., 131); Mattson v. Albert, 97 Tenn., 232 (36 S. W., 1090). The defendant, however, insists that the words here spoken and published are absolutely privileged, on account of the occasion when done, regardless of the presence of malice; the only inquiry allowed being whether they were pertinent to the issues involved in the cause in which the defendant was examined as a witness, and fairly responsive to the questions propounded to him by counsel; while for the plaintiff it is said that the words are only qualifiedly or conditionally privileged, and, malice appearing, they are actionable. The question is, therefore, presented whether the answers of the defendant in question are absolutely or only conditionally privileged.
“By an absolutely privileged communication,” says Mr. Townshend in his work on Slander and Libel, “is not to be understood a publication for which the publisher is in no wise responsible; but it means a publication in respect of which, by reason of the occasion upon which it is made, no remedy can be had in a civil action or libel. A conditionally privileged communication is a publication made on an occasion *10which, furnishes a prima facie legal excuse for the making of it, and which is privileged unless some additional fact is shown which so alters the character of the occasion as to prevent its furnishing a legal excuse.” Townsh. Sland. & L., p. 248, sec. 202, cited and approved in Ruohs v. Backer, 6 Heisk., 405 (19 Am. Rep., 598). In Odgers, Lib. & Sland., p. 191, it is said: “A witness in the box is absolutely privileged in answering all the questions asked him by counsel on either side; and, even if he volunteers an observation (a practice much to be discouraged), still, if it has reference to the matter in issue, or fairly arises out of any question asked him by counsel, though only going to his credit, such observation will also be privileged. But a remark made by a witness in the box, wholly irrelevant to the matter of inquiry, uncalled for by any question of counsel, and introduced by the witness maliciously, for his own purposes, would not be privileged, and would also probably be a contempt of court.” This statement of the law is quoted and approved by this court in the case of Shadden v. McElwee, 86 Tenn., 150 (5 S. W., 602; 61 Am. St. Rep., 821). In the case óf Lea v. While, 4 Sneed, 113, 115, it is said: “There is a class of cases which are absolutely privileged, and depend in no respect for their protection upon their bona fides. The occasion is an absolute privilege, and the only questions are, whether the occasion existed, and whether the matter complained *11of was pertinent to tbe occasion. In this class are embraced judicial proceedings. The proceedings connected with the judicature of the country are so important to the public good that the law holds that nothing which may be therein said with probable cause, whether with or without malice, can be slander, and, in like manner, that nothing written with probable cause under the sanction of such occasion can be libel. The pertinency of the matter to the occasion is that which is meant by ‘probable cause,’ and probable cause is, in this class of absolutely privileged communications, what ‘bona fides’ is to the class of conditionally privileged communications, which, we have seen, are protected unless there is malice in fact.”
¶10In the case of Cooper v. Phipps (decided by the supreme court of Oregon), 33 Pac., 986 (22 L. R. A., 839), the court said: “While there is some conflict in the adjudged cases as to whether witnesses are absolutely exempt from liability to an action for defamatory words uttered or published in the course of judicial proceedings, it is agreed by all the authorities that they are presumptively so; and, before a witness can be held liable in a civil action, this presumption must be overcome by showing, affirmatively that such statements were not only false and malicious, but that they were not pertinent to the issues, and not in response to questions'asked by counsel.”
¶11*12In the same case the court further said: “In this country many, and perhaps a majority, of the courts, have refused to adopt an absolute and unqualified privilege of a witness, as laid down by the English courts; but it is agreed that a witness is absolutely privileged as to everything said by him having relation or reference to the subject of inquiry before the court, or in response to questions asked by counsel, and presumptively so as to all his statements.” 33 Pac., 986 (22 L. R. A., 840).
¶12In the case of Hoar v. Wood, 3 Metc. (Mass.), 193, the court said: “We take the rule to be well settled by the authorities that words spoken in the course of judicial proceedings, though they are such as impute crime to another, and, therefore, if spoken elsewhere, would import malice, and be actionable in themselves, are not actionable if they are applicable and pertinent to the subject of inquiry. The question, therefore, in such case, is not whether the words spoken were true, not whether they are actionable in themselves, but whether they were spoken in the course of judicial proceedings, and whether they were relative and pertinent to the cause or subject of inquiry.”
¶13In the case of Gardemal v. McWilliams (La.), 9 South., 108 (26 Am. St. Rep., 197), it is said: “Certain communications are absolutely privileged, and no person is liable, either civilly or criminally, in respect of anything published by him in the course *13of his duty in any judicial proceeding. This privilege extends to parties, counsel, witnesses, jurors, and judges in a judicial proceeding, to proceedings in legislative bodies, and to all who, in the discharge of public duty, or the honest pursuit of private right, are compelled to take part in the administration of justice or in legislation,” citing Heard, Lib. & Sland., sections 90, 103, 110; Newell, Defam., p. 423, sections 26, 27; Fisk v. Soniat, 33 La. Ann., 1400; Vinas v. Insurance Co., 33 La. Ann., 1265.
¶14The case of Shadden v. McElwee, 86 Tenn., 146 (5 S. W., 602; 61 Am. St. Rep., 821), is relied upon as supporting the position of the plaintiff, hut it does not do so. That case was before this court upon the demurrer interposed by the defendant to the replication of the plaintiff to a plea averring that the words upon which the action was predicated were uttered while the defendant was being examined as a witness in a certain suit, in response to questions propounded to him, and that his answers were responsive and privileged, replying that the words were not uttered in response to questions asked defendant while on the witness stand, and that they were not pertinent to the issues in said suit, but were voluntarily injected into his testimony, and falsely and maliciously spoken for the purpose of injuring the plaintiff, and the demurrer was properly overruled. But it is there expressly held, upon the authority of Lea v. White and Odgers, Sland. & L., above cited, *14which are quoted and approved in the opinion of the court, that when the communications of a witness are fairly responsive to the questions propounded, or pertinent to the inquiry, they are absolutely privileged, although he may have entertained malice toward the plaintiff. It is immaterial* that neither the plaintiff nor the defendant were parties to the cause in which the defendant was called to testify. The majority of witnesses are not parties to the cases in which they are examined, and facts in relation to other strangers to the litigation often become the subject of necessary inquiry. If the privilege was confined to parties, it would be reduced to narrow limits, and the proper administration of justice would be greatly embarrassed and made difficult.
¶15Applying these principles to this case, the question is not whether the words spoken by the defendant Avere false and malicious, but were they spoken in a judicial proceeding, and were they relevant and pertinent to the subject of inquiry in that proceeding, or responsive to questions propounded to the defendant by' counsel while being examined therein as a AAdtness? If they were, they are absolutely privileged, and the plaintiff’s action must fail.
¶16That the words were spoken in the course of a judicial proceeding is conceded; and the only question that remains to be determined is, were the answers of the witness pertinent to the inquiry, or responsive to the questions *15asked by tbe counsel? Tbe issue being tried in tbe chancery cause, in relation to wbicb tbe defendant was examined as a witness for tbe Florence Critten-don Home, was wbat damages it bad sustained by being delayed in building a bouse by tbe injunction issued against it; and defendant was called to testify as to tbe difference in tbe cost of material and construction at tbe time the injunction was issued and when tbe bill was dismissed, as bearing upon this issue. Tbe plaintiff, Galyon, bad offered to build tbe bouse for tbe same price for wbicb tbe defendant bad contracted it when enjoined, and tbe question arose whether be was a reliable contractor, and would and could comply with a contract to do tbe building if it were let to him; and, with a view of proving this, tbe witness was cross-examined by tbe solicitor for the complainants, and made tbe answers of wbicb the plaintiff complains.
¶17These answers were clearly pertinent to tbe investigation. If Mr. Galyon was a reliable contractor, bis proposition to build tbe bouse tended to prove that tbe defendant bad sustained no loss; and, if be was unreliable, tbe effect of tbe proposition as evidence was weakened. Tbe answers were also fairly, and evidently intended to be directly, responsive to tbe questions propounded to tbe witness. If tbe plaintiff did not pay for tbe material be used in building, or did not use tbe char*16acter of material called for in bis contract, be was not a reliable contractor.
¶18We are of tbe opinion that tbe words spoken by tbe defendant of tbe plaintiff were, on account of-tbe occasion, absolutely privileged, and that no action can be maintained upon them. There is therefore no evidence to sustain a verdict against tbe defendant, and tbe demurrer to tbe plaintiff’s evidence should have been allowed.
¶19The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, tbe demurrer sustained, and the plaintiff’s suit dismissed.