majority"> Mr. Chief Justice Alvey

delivered the opinion of the Court:

The plaintiff, Charles D. Koppel, the present appellant, brought this action against the defendant, Robert Downing, to recover the penalties prescribed for the alleged infringement of a copyright, the copyright being alleged in the declaration to belong to the plaintiff as proprietor. The subject of the alleged copyright is the translation of a certain dramatic composition known as “Samson,” the original of *97which, in Italian was the work of Ippolito D’Aste, and which has been translated into English by W. D. Howells. It is alleged that the defendant, without license, publicly performed the play thirty-six times, under the title of “Samson and Delilah,” and thus infringed the plaintiff’s copyright.

The defendant pleaded the general issue, not guilty, under which plea all matters of defense were admissible. Rev. Stat. U. S., Sec. 4969. The case was tried before a jury, and resulted in a verdict for the defendant. The verdict was returned under the instruction of the court, and that instruction forms the subject of the only exception taken in the case, and the ruling thus excepted to is the only error assigned.

The court, below in quite an extended and very clear opinion, passed upon several questions supposed to bo involved in the instruction given (24 Wash. Law Rep. 342); but we do not deem it necessary to review all the questions that were considered and decided by the learned justice below. The first and principal question is, whether the plaintiffhad such proprietary right and interest in the manuscript of the translation of the dramatic composition known as “Samson,” as to entitle him to acquire copyright therein, under the statute, and the consequent right to maintain this action for an infringement of that right.

There are several sections of the Revised Statutes of the United States that have relation to the question here presented, and which are as follows:

“Sec. 4952. The author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, etc., and the executors, administrators, or assigns of any such parson, shall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic composition, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be performed or represented by others. . . .

*98“ Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without notice.

“Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, on or before the day of publication, in this or any foreign country, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail within the United States, addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, a printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, etc., for which he desires a copyright, nor unless he shall also, not later than the day of the publication thereof, in this or any foreign country, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, or deposit in the mail within the United States, addressed to the Librarian of Congress, etc., two copies of such copyright booh, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, etc.: . . . Provided, nevertheless, that in the case of books in foreign languages, of which only translations in English are copyrighted, the prohibition of importation shall apply only to the translations of the same, and the importation of the books in the original language shall be permitted.

“Sec: 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable fordamages therefor, such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every subsequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just.”

It is for the penalties or measure of damages prescribed under this last section that this action is brought.

It is shown in proof, and about which there is no dispute, that a Mr. Pope, a theatrical manager, employed W. *99D. Howells, in 1874, to translate for him the Italian tragedy, entitled “Samson,” by D’Aste. Pope, on obtaining the translation, played it in St. Louis and other places without printing it. He also undertook to copyright this translation in his own name, and, for that purpose, he filed a title page with the Librarian of Congress in 1874. It appears, according to his own testimony, that he had supposed that he had effected such copyright, but it turned out some twenty years afterwards, upon making demand of the defendant for compensation for alleged infringement, that no copies of the translation of the tragedy had ever been filed with the Librarian, as required by the statute, and consequently no copyright had ever been acquired by Pope. But in 1889, Pope gave A. M. Palmer, a theatre manager of New York, license to use the translation of “Samson,” during the artistic tour of Salvini in this country, and Palmer employed the plaintiff to print the play, the latter having nothing whatever to do with the performance of it. According to the arrangement made, Pope was to receive ten per cent, on sales of librettos made by Palmer, but it seems the terms of the arrangement were never observed, and Pope entirely neglected the matter, until his attention was called to it in December, 1893, by an interview published in a newspaper, when he wrote to the defendant upon the subject, claiming the copyright. Finding that he had no ground for such claim, he applied to Palmer, and learned from him that the plaintiff had printed the play and had obtained a copyright therefor in his own name. This led to an interview between Pope and the plaintiff, and, it seems, that they came to an understanding in regard to proceedings against the defendant, whereby it was agreed that Pope should employ counsel, pay costs of suit, and prosecute the defendant in the plaintiff’s name—the latter to receive one-third of the damages that might be recovered, and Pope the other two-thirds. Both the plaintiff and Pope testified as witnesses in the case; Palmer did not testify.

*100The plaintiff testified to his making application for and obtaining certificate of copyright of “Samson, a tragedy in five acts, by Ippolito D’Aste, translated by W. D. Howells, with English and Italian words, as performed by Signor Salvini,” of which the plaintiff claimed to be proprietor. He then proceeds to say: “The manuscript was delivered to me by Mr. A. M. Palmer, theatrical manager and owner of Palmer’s Theatre, New York City, with instructions to publish and copyright the same for the benefit of all persons concerned. Col. Pope owned this manuscript at the time I published it. I am not proprietor of this manuscript, and it is not in my hands or under my control. I paid no money for the manuscript except the expense of publishing it. Mr. Palmer got the profit on the publication; Mr-. Palmer paid me for printing it. I published it under a contract with Mr. Palmer, who was to pay me, by check or any other usual method, a certain amount per thousand for the printing of these librettos. All I had invested in the matter was the cost of printers’ work and printing. I knew nothing about Mr. Palmer’s title to this work, and I had never seen Mr. Pope at the time I published this play.

“I would be hurt by the playing of this dramatic composition by the defendant, because I delivered the copies to Mr. Palmer, who sold them at his different theatres, and his playing and selling the librettos would be hurt. I understood that I was to do all the printing; I simply followed and obeyed Mr. Palmer’s orders in copyrighting and in printing. I did not know of my own knowledge anything about the infringement by the defendant, but was informed thereof by Mr. Pope. I did not communicate at all with Mr. Downing. Mr. Pope employed counsel, who brought the suit. I have a money interest in this suit; don’t know exactly how much; a certain proportion of the recovery— oñe-third. I have not paid any part of the expenses of suit; such expenses have been paid by Mr. Pope. The Italian version of this play was handed me at the same time as the *101translation, and they were published in one book. I understood that the Italian had been published in this country many years before. The copyright sued on here was taken out by me at the request and injunction of Mr. Palmer, who agreed with me that I was to do all the printing, and nobody else, at a certain price, and I got my pay for all I printed. Mr. Pope had the interest in the dramatic performance of this play.”

He further says : “ I went to a very considerable expense in having these librettos printed, and, as I remember, expended the sum of eight hundred dollars. I understood that I was the proprietor of the manuscript, having a special interest in it for the purpose of publication.”

Mr. Pope, as a witness, said: “ I have been a theatrical manager and an actor and have been the owner of a theatre in St. Louis. Signor Salvini, as a courtesy to me, furnished me with a copy of the Italian version of the tragedy called 4 Samson,’ giving me permission to have it translated into the English language. In the year 1874 I employed W. D. Howells to translate this play into English, paying him for the work of translation $1,000. The work was in manuscript and never published. I performed the play called ‘Samson’ in the city of St. Louis, in 1874, and at various other cities and at various other times in the United States and Canada. In the spring of 1889, at the request of Mr. A. M. Palmer, lessee and manager of Palmer’s Theatre, New York City, I furnished him with the manuscript translation of ‘Samson’ by W. D. Howells, with the instruction that it should not be played unless copyrighted, and that he, Palmer, should have it copyrighted, and this Palmer agreed to do. I lost trace of the play after placing it in Mr Palmer’s hands. I was to receive a certain percentage on the sale of all librettos. I should not have furnished the play for printing except for the distinct understanding that it should be copyrighted. The first I heard of the copyright being infringed was in the fall of 1893, when I -was in*102formed that this play was being produced in St. Louis by Robert Downing and a troupe.” The witness wrote to Downing upon the subject, and the latter replied denying witness’ right to the play. The witness further testified: “I had learned before placing the play in Mr. Palmer’s hands that the copyright which I supposed I had taken out in 1874 by filing the title page with Librarian had failed for want of filing copies. I gave the privilege to Mr. Palmer of having the play produced by Salvini in this country with the absolute understanding that it should be copyrighted if he should publish it. I did not know Mr. Koppel, and only made his acquaintance after I discovered that Downing was playing the tragedy. I insisted on Mr. Palmer having the play copyrighted, when I was still under the impression that I had a good copyright, and had a proprietary right in my play. I had parted with it only temporarily to Palmer, and thought I had ownership in it. I had not seen the libretto and did not know that Palmer had complied with my request to have the play copyrighted until I made inquiry. I only made the assignment to Palmer specifically for the Salvini production.” He then says: “I employed counsel and brought this suit. I expect to receive several thousand dollars as my share in the recovery. There is a division of the matter between Mr. Koppel and myself. He is to receive about one-third; not less than that, at any rate.”

It was shown in proof, and admitted on the part of the defendant, that the latter had acted the play thirty-three times for admission fees.

■ It was upon this state of the case, as shown by the plaintiff, that the court instructed the jury to find for the defendant.

It is manifest according to well defined meaning of terms, that the plaintiff at the time he applied for and obtained a registry of copyright of the play, in his own name, was neither the author nor proprietor of the dramatic composition called *103“ Samson,” or of the translation thereof, and had not “the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, representing, publishing, copying and vending the same, or of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be performed or represented by others.” Indeed, he had no proprietary right or interest in it at all. The statute here involved must be construed as other statutes are construed, and the terms employed to describe persons entitled to the benefit of the statute must be allowed their ordinary and well defined meaning. The term “proprietor” has a well defined meaning, and, according to lexicographers, its meaning is “one who has the legal right or exclusive title to anything, whether in possession or not; an owner; as the proprietor of a farm or mill.” Webster Diet. And Worcester defines the term “ proprietor ” as meaning “a possessor in his own right; an owner; a proprietary.” Worcester Diet. It is certainly clear that Palmer, as a mere temporary licensee in the use of the manuscript of the play (he was not an assignee of it), without special authority from the proprietor to act as his agent, had no right to take out a copyright of the translation of the original work, and of course, no authority to confer upon a stranger the right to do so in his own name. It is true, there are many cases in the books where authors and proprietors of manuscripts have authorized publishers and printers to apply for and obtain copyright in their own names; but those cases are founded upon express contracts and in privity with the author or proprietor of the manuscript; not cases where the party obtaining the copyright in his own name was an entire stranger and w'holly unknown to the real proprietor, and without any proprietary interest whatever in the manuscript. According to the testimony of Pope, he did not intend when he loaned the manuscript to Palmer for mere temporary purpose, to part with it or divest himself of his proprietary right in the manuscript. He says that he supposed at the time that he had a perfected copyright in himself, and he so informs the defendant in *104his letter of December 26, 1893, in which he claims the copyright to be in himself. Whatever understanding he may have had with Palmer, in respect to having the play copyrighted, he could not have intended to have the play subject to a double copyright, one in himself, and another under a different claim, and in the name of a stranger in whom existed n© sort of proprietary right. The interest of the plaintiff was not that of proprietor of the manuscript, but that of a printer or publisher only. He was not entitled, therefore, to obtain a copyright under the statute to protect that interest only. It would be in plain contravention of the meaning and policy of the statute to maintain the validity of a copyright obtained for such purpose, and under the circumstances that the present was obtained. It is true, the real proprietor of the manuscript has attempted, by a retroactive adoption, to constitute the plaintiff a kind of trustee; but that was only an expedient resorted to for the purposes of this suit, brought to recover penalties supposed to have been incurred for infringement of the copyright. The litigation, while in the name of the party obtaining the copyright, without proprietary interest, is really carried on by and at the expense of the proprietor, and for his benefit. The policy of the law is against such disguises, and they should not be encouraged by the courts. The law of copyright, while securing a long continued monopoly, contemplates, and the policy of it requires that the public should have notice, by a true and correct official registry, as to the real author or proprietor entitled to the enjoyment of such monopoly as against the public. ' The courts should not encourage or support false claims to title to copyright.

But thei’e is another ground for holding that the plaintiff did not acquire a valid title to the alleged copyright; and that is, that the title to such copyright had been abandoned by Pope, under whom the plaintiff claims, if he has any claim at all.

*105It is not pretended that the right of the manuscript was ever assigned to the plaintiff for consideration, without notice, or that such right was ever donated to him. All that he claims is that he only had a contract with Palmer to print the manuscript, for which he was fully paid. He never claimed any right to control the performance of the play by anybody, and never performed it himself. He therefore could claim to stand in no better position nor to occupy any higher ground, in a legal sense, than the proprietor, Pope, himself. And if Pope had failed and neglected to perfect his copyright as originally claimed, and by such failure and neglect abandoned such right, that right could not be revived by authorizing somebody else to apply for and obtain a copyright in a name different from that of the real proprietor, sixteen years after the filing of the title page by the proprietor himself, under Section 4956, R. S. U. S.

This principle, and construction of the statute, was strongly enforced in an opinion by the late Mr. Justice Hunt, in the case of Boucicault v. Hart, 13 Blatchf. 47, 54, referred to and quoted from in the opinion of the court below. In that case the plaintiff had filed the title page of his work, but had not followed it up by depositing the two printed copies as required by the statute. A bill was filed for an injunction, and the plaintiff claimed that the copyright was sufficiently perfected by filing the title page only, to entitle him to relief. But the learned justice said:

“The author shall not be entitled to a copyright unless, within ten days from the publication, he shall deliver, two copies to the Librarian. It- is not a fair interpretation of this section to hold that the filing of the title page entitles him to a copyright fully and absolutely, and that this may be defeated by a publication and failure to deliver two copies, but as long as there is no publication, although it continue indefinitely, there is no lapse of the right. This construction is not permitted either by the idea which secures bene*106fits to the author or inventor, upon the theory that the public is to be benefited, as well as himself, by his works, or by the principle pervading all this branch of the law of patents, trademarks and copyrights; that an author or inventor must put his claim in the form of a well defined specification, work or composition, and so place it on record, so that he cannot alter it to suit his circumstances, and so that other authors and inventors may know precisely what it is that has been written or invented.” And continuing, the learned justice said: “The principle I conceive to be the same in regard to a copyright, and I hold that, to secure a copyright of a book or dramatic composition, the work must be published within a reasonable time after the filing of the title page, and two copies be delivered to the Librarian. These two acts are, by the statute, made necessary to be performed and we can no more take it upon ourselves to say that the latter is not an indispensable requisite to a copyright, than we can say it of the former.” See, also Drone on Copyright, page 615.

If by neglect and long delay (now more than twenty years) Pope had lost the right to follow up and complete his title to copyright, initiated in 1874, it would be wholly inadmissible to allow him now to secure the benefit of that which he has abandoned, by adopting, for a special object, the copyright granted to another person without his authority. It is clear, we think, that there is no ground for the present action, and that the judgment of the court below must be affirmed; and it is so ordered.

Judgment affirmed.

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