¶1Opinion by
¶2The plaintiff and the defendants Weekey, Dade and Noble, held adjoining lots, separated by a fence, extending from Harvey street to Lafayette street. The land in controversy is a strip of the lot held by the plaintiff, about eleven inches wide, adjoining the land held by the defendants. While the plaintiff was in possession of this, the three defendants named entered upon it, without the plaintiff’s consent, removed its retaining walls, on both streets, placed a stone post on the Harvey street front, set the fence back on the lot held by the plaintiff, the width of the strip in dispute, for about ninety feet from the Lafayette street front, and took possession of the portion thus cut off. They afterward conveyed the lot held by them, with the strip in dispute; a part, fronting on Harvey street, to the defendants Freeh and Newhall, and the residue, fronting on Lafayette street, to the defendant Durnell. The portion in depth convejmd to each does not appear.
¶3The questions raised by the pleadings and evidence are (1) whether there is adequate proof of the matters alleged by the plaintiff as the ground of the relief prayed for; (2) whether a court of equity may require the defendants to restore the property in dispute to its condition prior to the acts complained of, and withdraw from the possession which they have taken; '(3) whether such further invasion of the plaintiff’s right is threatened as calls for the interposition of a court of equity for her protection.
¶4. The leading matter of fact in the case is the plaintiff’s title *473to the land in dispute. This land appears to lie outside the line of her lot as described in the conveyance to her, and she claims title to the strip in controversy by possession. The bill avers an open, notorious, exclusive and adverse possession by the plaintiff for twenty-eight years previous to the acts complained of. The answer denies this. There is no evidence for the defendants in relation to it. The plaintiff is the only witness who testifies to the possession averred; the testimony of her other witnesses covering, definitely, not more than seventeen years. The defendants, therefore, contend that the denial of this possession in the answer, being met by the testimony of but one witness, is not overcome, but must stand as conclusive against the plaintiff. The invasion of the plaintiff’s right still impending, as set forth in the bill, in connection with the statement of the alleged wrongful acts, is “that they the said three defendants [Weekey, Dade and Noble] have further threatened to commit a similar trespass, and move and rebuild in a similar way the rest of the said fence.” This is denied in the answer. The defendants offered no evidence in relation to it, but contend that the evidence in support of the averment is not sufficient to overcome the conclusive effect of the denial.
¶5The legal effect of the possession averred by the plaintiff, in creating a positive title, was lucidly discussed and accurately stated by the learned president of this court, when this case was before us on a demurrer to the bill, 4 Pa. Superior Ct. 69, and nothing can profitably be added to what was there said. If the evidence is sufficient to establish this possession, the plaintiff has shown title, as against the defendant, for all the purposes of the case. We have, then, to consider the question of its sufficiency.
¶6One important purpose — and sometimes the only purpose— of a bill in equity is the discovery of facts lying within the defendant’s knowledge. It is primarily an appeal to the defendant’s conscience, to answer as to his knowledge respecting the matters, averred in the bill, essential to the maintenance of the right alleged by the plaintiff. The defendant may, in turn, by a cross-bill, appeal to the plaintiff’s conscience for a disclosure of facts known to him, essential to the defense. For the purposes of the pending action, or on a separate bill for discovery in aid of an action at law, “ either party might claim a *474discovery of facts in the knowledge of his adversary, to save expense, or delay, or uncertainty: ” Story’s Eq. Jur. sec. 74a. The defendant may be required to answer interrogatories, based on the averments of the bill; but without these he is still bound to answer the averments as fully as if specifically interrogated. By requiring him to answer, the plaintiff makes him a witness, and his answer becomes evidence in the cause. If unfavorable to the plaintiff, it must nevertheless stand as conclusive unless overcome by a preponderance of testimony. This preponderance is to be found in the testimony of two witnesses on the part of the plaintiff, or of one witness, with corroborating circumstances equivalent, in probative effect, to the testimony of another witness. The reports abound in illustrative cases. “ The special evidential efficacy of a responsive answer in equity is due to the fact that the plaintiff, by calling on the defendant to answer the allegations of the bill, appeals to his conscience, accredits him, and pro hac makes him his own witness : ” Riegel v. Ins. Co., 153 Pa. 134. “ The answer of the defendant to any matter stated hi the bill, and responsive to it, is evidence in his own favor. It is not only proof as to the matters of fact of which the bill seeks a disclosure from him, but it is conclusive in his favor unless it is overcome by the satisfactory testimony of two opposing witnesses, or of one witness corroborated by other circumstances and facts which give it greater weight than the answer, or which are equivalent in weight to a second witness. Thus, where the defendant, in express terms, negatives the allegations of the bill, and the evidence is of only one person, affirming what has been so negatived, the court will dismiss the bill. The reason of the rule is this: The plaintiff calls on the defendant to answer an allegation of fact, which he makes; and thereby he admits the answer to be evidence of that fact. If it is testimony, it is equal to the testimony of any other witness; and, as the plaintiff cannot prevail unless the balance of proof is in his favor, he must either have two witnesses, or some circumstances in addition to a single witness, in order to turn the balance: ” Story’s Eq. Jur. section 1528; Burke’s Appeal, 99 Pa. 350; Pusey v. Wright, 31 Pa. 387; Eaton’s Appeal, 66 Pa. 483; Bell v. Bank, 131 Pa. 318; Galbraith v. Galbraith, 190 Pa. 225.
¶7To have this probative effect, however, the answer must be *475what is described as responsive to the bill. To give it this character, 'two things are essential. It must be confined to the matters averred in the bill, negativing, qualifying or explaining them, and not going beyond and setting up distinct matters in avoidance or defense. Among the cases in which this principle is illustrated are Kenney’s Appeal, 22 W. N. C. 89, Patterson v. Silliman, 28 Pa. 304, Coleman v. Ross, 46 Pa. 180, and Vollmer’s Appeal, 61 Pa. 118. As this feature is not present in the case before us, it need not be further discussed. Next, the response must be from the defendant’s own knowledge, as he would testify if examined as a witness, except in the rare cases in which he is called on to answer also as to his information and belief. A denial of matters not within his personal knowledge is in no sense responsive ; “it is merely pleading, and as such puts in issue the facts in dispute, without more: ” Riegel v. Ins. Co., supra. “ Where the answer does not state facts positively, as within the defendant’s own knowledge, or does state them inferentially merely, or only according to the defendant’s best knowledge and belief, the rule requiring two witnesses, or one witness with corroborating circumstances, to counteract its effect, does not apply. The only effect of the answer in such case is to put the plaintiff to the necessity of proving the facts alleged in his bill: ” Daniell’s Ch. Pr. chap. 22, sec. 1, p. 846, notel, and authorities there cited. “ If the fact asserted by the defendant is such that it is not and cannot be within his own knowledge, but is in truth only an expression of his strong conviction of its existence, or is what he deems an infallible deduction from facts which were known to Mm, the nature of his testimony cannot be changed by the positiveness of his assertion, and therefore the answer does not fall within the rule. The answer of an infant, also, by Ms guardian ad litem, though it be responsive to the bill, and sworn to by the guardian, is not evidence in Ms favor; for it is regarded as a mere pleading, and not as an examination for the purpose of discovery: ” 3 Greenleaf’s Ev. sec. 287. “Courts of equity address themselves to the, conscience of the defendant, and require him to answer upon his oath the matters of fact stated in the bill, if they are within his knowledge: ” Story’s Eq. Jur. sec. 31. “ The answer is evidence for the defendant, and avails Mm as such, because it is a test of Ms conscience; but if his response is merely upon hearsay, *476his conscience is no way tested as to its truth, and, of course, his answer is not evidence for him: ” Stevens v. Post, 1 Beasley (N. J. Eq. Rep.), 408. “ His conscience must be tested upon a matter within his own knowledge, to avail him as evidence: ” Stevens v. Post, 1 Beasley (N. J. Eq. Rep.), 408. In every case in our own state in which more than one witness has been held necessary to overcome the effect of the answer, the latter has been based on personal knowledge; and whenever the defendant has undertaken to rest on a denial of matters not within his knowledge, such a denial has been held not responsive, in the sense of putting the plaintiff to proof of the matters alleged, by more than one witness, but has been deemed a mere pleading, putting in issue the matters averred and denied. In Socher’s Appeal, 104 Pa. 609, a trust ex maleficio was alleged in the bill, and the defendant answered that he had no personal knowledge thereof, but relying on information received denied each and every allegation on the subject. The testimony of one witness only was offered to prove the trust, and there was no evidence in contradiction. As to the sufficiency of this evidence, the supreme court said: “ The objection that the alleged trust cannot be established by the testimony of a single witness is not well taken. Appellant’s answer contained no such denial of the trust alleged in the bill as makes it evidence for himself. In his formal denial of the trust, he speaks not of his own knowledge, but from information and Belief only. It is well settled that such an answer is not evidence; it is pleading merely, and puts in issue the facts in dispute: Eaton’s Appeal, 66 Pa. 483; 3 Greenleaf’s Ev. 287. The well recognized rule in equity that a responsive answer must be overcome by the testimony of two witnesses, or one witness and corroborating circumstances, has no application to such a case as is here presented. Like every other fact averred in the bill and not expressly denied by the defendant of his own personal knowledge, the alleged trust might well be established by the testimony of a single witness.” In Riegel v. Ins. Co., supra, the defendant was an insurance company, which, pending suit, went into the hands of another corporation as receiver, and the answer was made by the president of the latter. The Supreme Court said: “ Mr. Ritchie [president of the receiver company] and his company were entire strangers to the transaction, and neither of them appears *477to have had any knowledge of the facts upon which plaintiff’s equity is grounded; and, of course, it was impossible for him, as president of the receiver company, to answer otherwise than upon information and belief. In the jurat to his answer, he swears the allegations thereof are true ‘ so far as they are therein stated of his own knowledge,’ etc., but the answer contains not a single allegation that purports to be ‘ of his own knowledge.’ The officers of the insurance company, who were cognizant of the transactions, were the proper persons to deny, if they could of their own knowledge, the averments of the bill, and thus make the answer responsive. The answer of Mr. Ritchie, in this case, is in no sense a responsive answer. It is merely pleading, and as such puts in issue the facts in dispute, without more.” In brief, the plaintiff appeals to the defendant’s conscience for a discovery of facts within his knowledge. If the answer presents these facts, and they are responsive to the bill, it is conclusive unless overcome by the requisite preponderance of testimony. But if the, necessary facts are not within the defendant’s knowledge, he can disclose nothing re-specting them. He cannot substitute other matters, outside of his personal knowledge, and by swearing to them from information or hearsay make his answer evidence. He is required to answer as to his own act and deed; and his answer is made evidence by his oath “ that the matters therein contained, so far as concerns Ms own act and deed, are true to his knowledge: ” Story’s Equity Pleading, sec. 872; and the further statement, in the jurat, “ that what relates to the act and deed of any other person or persons he believes to be true,” is not sufficient to make the answer as to such matters evidence. The general proposition, therefore, that an answer responsive to the bill is, conclusive, unless overcome by the testimony of two witnesses, or of one witness with corroborating circumstances equivalent in weight to the testimony of a second witness, is to be understood with the qualifications herem stated.
¶8In the present case, the defendants are strangers to the plaintiff’s title, and to the matters alleged in its support. These involve no act or participation, and no knowledge, by the defendants, or any of them, and the bill neither asserts nor implies knowledge on their part to which the plamtiff could appeal for a discovery of facts. It does not, indeed, appear that any of *478the' defendants had the slightest information respecting the plaintiff’s title prior to their acquisition of the adjoining land. Thus the answer in denial of the plaintiff’s averment as to title by possession is not made from personal knowledge. As the form of the jurat is not shown in the paper-books, it does not appear on what knowledge, if any, the answer is based. At best," it is but a traverse of the averment, putting in issue the matters averred and denied. Except as to the effect of a responsive answer in equity, the burden of proof and the rules of evidence are the same at law and in equity. In the absence of an answer based on personal knowledge, the title here averred may be proved, as at law, by the testimony of one competent and credible witness. To require more, would demand a greater measure of proof in equity than at law, upon a point lying outside the rule relating to a responsive answer. The testimony of the plaintiff was neither contradicted nor discredited, and it justified the finding as to her possession.
¶9The question as to the apprehended ejectment of the plaintiff from that portion of the strip in dispute still held by her is free from difficulty. The answer admits that possession of part of this strip was taken by the defendants Weekey, Dade and Noble, and is retained by the other defendants. The intention to take possession of the residue, alleged in the bill, is denied in the answer. The - answer, however, appears to have been sworn to by the defendant Weekey alone. Hence it cannot avail his codefendants, except as a traverse, since it is not their answer under oath, and he cannot answer of his own knowledge respecting their intention. The plaintiff testifies that the threat indicating the intent was made by the defendant Dade. He neither answered under oath nor testified as a witness in denial of this; nor did any of the defendants testify on the subject. Apart, however, from tins failure to answer or testify, the intention of all the defendants may well be inferred from their conduct in the premises. Without color of title, so far as appears, three of them ousted the plaintiff from nearly two fifths of the strip in controversy, on the Lafayette side front, and marked their possession of the Harvey street front by the erection of a stone post. They next conveyed to their codefendants. While the latter may not be personally liable for the wrongful acts of their predecessors in possession, they *479are chargeable with knowledge thereof, and with the effect of such acts on the estate transferred to them. Their right is no higher than that of their grantors. They accepted and still hold a possession tortiously obtained, and deny the plaintiff’s right to its restoration; they set up a claim to the residue of the land involved in the action, deny the plaintiff’s title, and assert a legal right to recover possession. The law has its standard for determining and measuring intent, and the application of tins is not controlled by a mere denial. The indicia of intent are to be found in the situation as a whole; in the claims made, the attitude assumed, and the spirit and purpose manifested; the antecedent circumstances, and the end to which they manifestly tend. These indicia, in the present case, fully justify the finding of an intention by the defendants, in the absence of equitable restraint, to complete the seizure of the land in controversy.
¶10The case exhibits a violation by all the defendants of the plaintiff’s right as to part of the land involved, through a trespass, an ouster, and a nuisance, with a like violation of her right as to the residue clearly impending. The conclusions of the trial judge as to the remedy are tersely stated, and rest on well settled principles. Though the plaintiff might, at law, recover damages from the original trespassers, and possession from their successors, and might pursue the like remedies upon a further invasion of her rights, it does not follow that she is without remedy in equity. “ Jurisdiction in equity depends not so much on the want of a common-law remedy as upon its inadequacy, and its exercise is a matter which often rests in the discretion of the court; in other words, the court may take upon itself to say whether the common-law remedy is, under all the circumstances, and in view of the conduct of the parties, sufficient for the purposes of complete justice, or whether the intervention' of chancery may not for that purpose be required and beneficially applied: ” Bispham’s Eq. sec. 484; Bierbower’s Appeal, 107 Pa. 14; Harper’s Appeal, 109 Pa. 9; Electric Company’s Appeal, 114 Pa. 574; Vollmer’s Appeal, 61 Pa. 118; Kirkpatrick v. McDonald, 11 Pa. 387. “ When once a court of equity takes cognizance of a litigation, it will dispose of every subject embraced in the circle of contest, whether the question be of remedy or of distinct yet connected topics of dispute. If the *480jurisdiction once attaches, from the nature of one of the subjects oE contest, it may embrace all of them, for equity abhors multiplicity of suits. Thus, in the case last cited (Nutbrown v. Thornton, 10 Ves. 159), the chancellor ruled that where a person is found wrongfully in possession of a farm, over which the court has undoubted power, and also in possession of the stock upon it, at the same time and under the effect of the same wrong, the court will undoubtedly make him account for and deliver back the whole:” McGowin v. Remington, 12 Pa. 56. “If any part of the relief sought be of an equitable nature, the court will retain the bill for complete relief: ” Story’s Eq. Jur. sec. 73. “ Where a court of chancery acquires jurisdiction for any purpose, it will, as a general rule, proceed to determine the whole cause, although in doing so it may decide questions which, standing alone, -would furnish no basis of equitable jurisdiction : ” 1 Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur. sec. 37; Socher’s Appeal, 104 Pa. 609. “ When this court can determine the matter, it shall not be a hand-maid to the other courts, nor beget a suit to be ended elsewhere [per Lord Chancellor Nottingham, in Parker v. Dee, 2 Ch. Cas. 200, 201]. And where the court has a jurisdiction as to the end, it must have it, likewise, as to the means: ” Fonblanque’s Eq. Book VI. ch. 3, sec. 6. The case before us is not one in which the plaintiff is required to establish a right at law before proceeding in equity; nor does it exhibit such laches as to preclude equitable relief.
¶11Nothing in the assignment of error calls for further discussion.
¶12While we affirm, in substance, the findings and conclusions of the trial judge, the decree should be amended, since, as to the measure of liability, it does not distinguish between the original trespassers and their codefendants. The latter had no part in the acts committed by the former, but merely succeeded them in possession; hence the decree, as to them, should be framed with reference to the situation upon and after their entry. The decree is accordingly vacated, and, as an amended decree, it is ordered, adjudged and decreed as follows, viz :
¶131. That the defendants withdraw from such possession as they jointly or severally have taken of the land described in ' the bill as'belonging to the plaintiff, until their right of possession «ball have been established by due course of law.
¶14*4812. That the defendants Harry Weekey, Francis C. Dade, Jr., and Walter Noble move that part of the line fence set forward by them upon the premises of the plaintiff back to its original location; that they repair the said plaintiff’s rear retaining wall and fence on Lafayette street broken down by them; that they remove the stone post at the Harvey street end of the line fence from the premises of the plaintiff; that they replace the stones in her front retaining wall which they broke away in erecting the said post; and that all the parties permit such access to their lands adjacent as shall be reasonably necessary for carrying these provisions into effect.
¶153. That having so restored the said fences and walls, the defendants be enjoined from interfering with or altering the visible division line between the lands held by them and the lands held by the plaintiff until á right to alter the same shall have been established by due course- of law.
¶164. That the defendants pay the costs of the action and of this appeal.