11 Va. App. 433 - Hardy v. Commonwealth’s Empirical Analysis
1990
Citation profile
18
cited by 18 later decisions
2
states following
August 2002
most recently cited
3 federal appellate · 15 state decisions
Relationships
Relies on Illinois v. Gates · Alabama v. White · Newland v. Georgia · Gemelli v. Pennsylvania · 4 Va. App. 577 - DePriest v. Commonwealth
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 18 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““[T]he test of constitutional validity [of a warrantless search] is whether at the moment of arrest the arresting officer had knowledge of sufficient facts and circumstances to warrant a reasonable man in believing that an offense has been committed.” An important element in establishing the reliability of an anonymous tip is the predictive nature of the information. The information provided by the informant must describe not just easily obtained facts, but future third party actions not easily predicted. Probable cause to arrest must exist exclusive of the incident search.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.