United States v. Fields’s Empirical Analysis
113 F.3d 313 · 1997
Citation profile
41 federal appellate · 9 district · 31 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 145 later decisions — most recently August 2025 · most notably State v. Moore (2000), United States v. Diaz (1999)
41 federal appellate · 9 district · 31 state decisions — followed in 14 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 846 (§ 406 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 28 U.S.C. § 1861 (Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968)
Relies on Katz v. United States · Payton v. New York · Rakas v. Illinois · Jones v. United States · Roviaro v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 145 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) the gravity or violent nature of the offense with which the suspect is to be charged; (2) whether the suspect is reasonably believed to be armed; (3) a clear showing of probable cause ... to believe that the suspect committed the crime; (4) strong reason to believe that the suspect is in the premises being entered; (5) a likelihood that the suspect will escape if not swiftly apprehended; and (6) the peaceful circumstances of the entry.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“[s]peculation that disclosure of the informant's identity will be of assistance is not sufficient to meet the defendant's burden,”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“[T]he police are free to observe whatever may be seen from a place where they are entitled to be”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.