Jenkins Hall’s Empirical Analysis
115 F.3d 821 · 1997
Citation profile
46 federal appellate · 3 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 138 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently May 2020 · most notably Lee v. Ferraro (2002), Safford Unified School District 1 v. Redding (2009)
46 federal appellate · 3 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · United States v. Diebold, Inc. · Butz v. Economou
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 138 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the law can be 'clearly established' for qualified immunity purposes only by decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court,[the] Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, or the highest court of the state where the case arose”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissente.g. Ensley v. Soper · Lee v. Ferraro“other courts considering qualified immunity for strip searches have read T.L.O. as “a series of abstractions, on the one hand, and a declaration of seeming deference to the judgments of school officials, on the other,” which made it impossible “to establish clearly the contours of a Fourth Amendment right ... [in] the wide variety of possible school settings different from those involved in T.L.O.” itself.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“'[f]or qualified immunity to be surrendered, pre-existing law must dictate, that is, truly compel (not just suggest or allow or raise a question about), the conclusion for every like-situated, reasonable government agent that what defendant is doing violates federal law in the circumstances.'”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.