Scala v. City of Winter Park’s Empirical Analysis
116 F.3d 1396 · 1997
Citation profile
43 federal appellate · 2 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 122 later decisions — most recently August 2023 · most notably Alexander v. Fulton County (2000), Holloman ex rel. Holloman v. Harland (2004)
43 federal appellate · 2 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati · Board of the County Commissioners of Bryan County v. Brown · City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik · Rodriguez De Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 122 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[f]inal policymaking authority over a particular subject area does not vest in an official whose decisions in the area are subject to meaningful administrative review.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the decisionmaker possesses final authority to establish municipal policy with respect to the action ordered.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[m]unicipal liability attaches only where the decisionmaker possesses final authority to establish municipal policy with respect to the action ordered. Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati , 475 U.S. 469 , 481, 106 S.Ct. 1292 , 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986) (majority opinion) (footnote omitted). The Eleventh Circuit "has interpreted Monell's policy or custom requirement to preclude § 1983 municipal liability for a subordinate official's decisions when the final policymaker delegates decisionmaking discretion to the subordinate, but retains the power to review the exercise of that discretion.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.