¶1Opimon op the court by
¶2Reversixo.
¶3Mrs. Pauline Crawford died in Shelby county, Ky.. Irav*211ing a last will and testament, which contained the following:
¶4“Item 12. I give and bequeath lo W. J. Thomas, as trustee, the sum of five thousand dollars, the interest of winch sum to be used in securing an evangelist in Shelby county, or any other section of the country sáid Thomas may select. Said sum shall be held by him and his successors in perpetuity. Said W. J. Thomas may select his successor who must give bond, and security approved, qnd said successor or successors must in every instance be members of the Christian church. And furthermore the proceeds of said sum or sums shall be expended in the advancement of the principles of primitive Christianity, as taught by the Christian church.
¶5“Item 13. I direct that my executor shall pay over to a trustee whom he may select, the residue of my estate, the interest of said sum to be used in the advancement of the principles of primitive Christianity as taught by the Christian church subject to the same conditions as are contained in item 12.”
¶6The question presented by this record is whether or not the charity thus established is subject, in the hands of the trustee, to State taxation. ■ "Whether it is or not depends upon the proper construction of section 170 of the Constitution of this State with reference to it. The constitutional provision referred to is as follows: “Sec. 170. There'shall be exempt from taxation public property used for public purposes; places actually used for religious worship, with the grounds attached thereto and used and appurtenant to the house of worship, not exceeding one half acre in cities or towns, and not exceeding two acres- in the country; places of burial not held for private or corporate profit, institutions of purely public charity, and institutions of education *212not. used or employed for gain by any person or corporation, and the income of which is devoted solely to the cause of education; public libraries, their endowments, and the income of such property as is used-exclusively for their maintenance; all, parsonages or residences owned by any religious society, and occupied as a home, and for no other purpose, by the minister of any religion, with not exceeding-one-half acre of ground in towns' and cities and two acres of ground .in the pountry appurtenant thereto; household goods and other personal property of a.person with a family not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars in value; crops grown in the year in which the assessment is made, and in the hands of the producer; and all laws exempting or commuting property from taxation other than the property above mentioned shall be void. The General Assembly may authorize any incorporated city or. town to, exempt manufacturing establishments from municipal taxation, for a period not. exceeding five years, as an inducement to -their location.”
¶7That the trust under discussion is a charity does not admit of doubt, but, in order to entitle it to exemption from taxation, it must be a “purely public charity.” Without undertaking to be technically, accurate1, .a “purely public charity” may be defined, as one which -discharges, in whole or in part,. a duty which the Commonwealth owes to its indigent ánd helpless citizens. Undoubtedly it is the duty of the State to educate its poor children, and thus fit them for discharging the duties of citizenship, to care for the indigent insane, its helpless orphans, and its poor who are sick and afflicted; and therefore any institution which, serving no selfish interest, discharges, in whole or in part, any such duty, is a purely public charity. Under this head would come schools for drphans, the .property of the organi*213zation known as Young Men’s Christian Association, etc. But it is not within the province, nor is it the duty of the State, to teach or disseminate religipn as such; it having al-. ways been the policy of our government to leave the propagation of religion .to the zeal of the. sects, with the certain confidence that its interest is best subserved in their hands.
¶8Our forefathers suffered persecution as one of the evils flowing from the union of church and State, and, when they established constitutional government on this continent, they saw to it that they were forever separated by affirmative provision in the fundamental law of the land. By section 5 of our present Constitution .it is, thus declared: “No preference shall ever be given by law. to any religious sect, society or denomination; nor to any particular creed, mode of worships or system of ecclesiastical polity; nor shall any person be compelled to attend any place of worship, to contribute to the. .erection or maintenance of any such place, or to the salary or support of any minister of religion; nor shall any man be compelled to- send his- child to any school to which he may be conscientiously opposed; and the civil rights, privileges or capacities of no person shall be taken, away, or in any wise diminished or enlarged, on account of his belief or disbelief of any religious tenet, dogma or teaching. No human authority shall, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience.” And .this was incorporated in every Constitution adopted by this State. Section 189 is as follows: “No portion of any fund or tax .now existing, or that may hereafter be raised or levied for .educational purposes, .shall b.e appropriated to, or used by, or in aid. of, any church, sectarian or denominational school.’?
¶9It does not require profound .reflection to reach the con-, elusion that whatever deficit there is in the fiscal budget due *214the Mtate for any given year by reasons of exemptions of-property which would otherwise be required to contribute to the common wxeal is cast as- an additional burden upon the other taxpayers-; and it results, therefore, that every exemption is indirectly an additional tax upon the property owners not enjoying a like benefaction. It would follow, therefore, that an exemption in favor of property devoted to the advancement of any particular religious belief is indirectly, at least, a tax upon all the other property owners of the Commonwealth to support that belief.- Construing sections 5, 189, and 170 of the Constitution in pari materia we are irresistibly forced to the conclusion that “places actually used for religious worship, with the grounds -attached thereto and used and appurtenant to the house of worship, not exceeding one-half acre in cities or towns, and not exceeding two acres in the country; . . .” all parsonages or residences owned- by any religious society, and occupied as a home, and for no other purpose, by the minister of any religion, with not exceeding one-half acre of ground in towns and cities and two acres of* ground in the country appurtenant thereto,” constitute all church property which it is the purpose of that instrument to relieve from the burdens of taxation. ■
¶10If such property as the trust involved herein is exempt as a “purely public charity,” there is no necessity- for the specific exemption in section 170, for, if the language “purely public charity” embraces any part of the property of a sectarian denomination, it embraces it all, and it is therefore entirely useless to specify the exemption of a house of worship, and the parsonage, if all church property is exempt under the general expression “purely public charity.” We conclude ihat the trust established by .the will of Mrs. Craw*215ford was a private charity, and consequently not exempt from taxation. ' ... .......
¶11• It may not he improper for us-to say, in order to save further litigation when the case returns' to the lower court, that, in so far as the .fund was invested in the stocks of corporations which had paid the taxes required, by law, it can not be taxed again in this proceeding. ^ct,iQn 1088, Ky. St., 1903. And the right to subject the trust to assessment' for taxation is limited to five‘years next preceding the institution of this action. Commonwealth v. Nute, 115 Ky., 239, 72 S. W., 1090, 21 Ky. Law Rep., 2138.
¶12For the reasons indicated, the judgment is reversed for proceedings consistent herewith.