¶1 (specially concurring).
¶2 I agree that the trial court properly disallowed the item of attorneys’ fees inserted .by defendants in their bill of costs. Section 9802, Revised Codes of 1935, enumerates and lists what a party to whom have been awarded costs, is entitled to include in his bill of costs. Attorneys’ fees are not among the items recognized or listed.
¶3 The suit is an ordinary civil action brought pursuant to the provisions of section 15 of Article III of the Constitution and of sections 1765 and 9955, Revised Codes.
¶4 In Hardware Mutual Cas. Co. v. Butler, 116 Mont. 73, 86, 148 Pac. (2d) 563, 568, this court said that the term “expense” does not include attorneys’ fees, the statute involved providing, “All expense of prosecuting such action shall be borne by the employee … Sec. 2839, Rev. Codes.
¶5 Under section 1765 and section 9955, Revised Codes, the necessity for the private road must first be found. If the necessity of the road be found then the amount of all damage to be sustained by the opening thereof must be determined by a jury. Here the necessity for the private road was not found and no such road was opened. There is no “damage to be sustained by the opening” of a private road that was not opened and that will not be opened. Of course there was no determination by *626 the jury óf damage which was not and which could not be sustained.
¶6 While thé státhtés provide that the “person to be benefited” by the opening of a private road must pay “the amount of all damage to be sustained by the opening thereof” and also “the expenses of the proéeéding,” yet the judgment in t'he instant action was for 'the defendants and against the plaintiff. The plaintiff lost her suit to establish the private road or the necessity therefor and she is not “the person to be benefited” by the judgment which was rendered against her and in favor of her adversaries.
¶7 Under the well-settled rule that attorneys’ fees are allowed in civil actions only when expressly authorized by statute, no authority is found in sections 1765 and 9955 for the allowance of any attorney’s fee to the prevailing defendants who defeated plaintiff’s action for the private road sought. The plaintiff lost her case and with it the benefits she sought to obtain thereby and, being the losing party, she is required to pay defendants’ costs other than the claimed attorney’s fees.
¶8 Even though the words “the expenses of the proceeding” were intended do allow to the party prevailing his attorney’s fee undér prescribed conditions, which Í do hot concede, but not to allow such- fee to the adverse party should he prevail, then such statutes Would préseht a rather serious constitutional question. See Dewell v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 54 Mont. 350, 170 Pac. 753, construing section 4313, Revi'Séd Codes of 1907, prior to amendment óf 1919; Mills v. Olsen, 43 Mont., 129, 115 Pac. 33, and cases cited at page 140 of 43 Mont., at page 36 of 115 Pac., construing section 7166, Revised Codes of 1907, prior tó -amendment of Chapter 100, Laws of 1921.
¶9 In paragraph Vil of their áhsWér the defendants herein alléged that they had employed ah attorney ah'd that a “reasonable shm to be paid defendants ’ attorney … Will not be less than Five Hundred Dollars ’($506) * * * and for all such expenses defendants claim and demand repayment … from the plaintiff.” The reply denies shch allegatións and alho *627 denies that an attorney’s fee is an item, Qf post ox; expense that may be incurred by defendants in, said action. Thus, the. abpv.e allegations in paragraph, VII of defendants’ answer became and was an issue under the pleadings herein .but the judgment of the court failed to include, any amount whatever for attorneys’ fees. The judgment does not award the attorneys’-'fees to. defendants and they may pot properly under section,, 98.Q2, Revised Codes, insert such item in their cost bill.
¶10 At, the time of the, settlement of defendants,’ memorandum of costs, plgb?fiff’s; attorney made the, objection that there'is no authority for the. allowance of attorneys’ fees herein aud also, that, even though it were proper to allow an, attorney’s fee, there, v?ere up Proceedings had i,n the, trial; ‘ ‘ in, relation to an allowance, of a fep. or the determination, of tpe, am.ouot thereof * # * and that the amount claimed has never been determined. ’•’ From the, record presented to, this, cpuríj it appears, that plaintiff’s objections umye, well founded, valid and,, sufficient to, sustain the trial court’s disaEowauee, of the, objfietioriable item.
¶11 In Conway v. Skidmore, 48 Wyo. 73, 41 Pac. (2d) 1049, it was held that ‘‘collectipn expense/’ as used in, a conditional, sales contract did not incligle an attorney’s, fea in a, suit for a deficiency.
¶12 In the ■vyeE-eongidcred cage of Sears v. Inhabitants of Town of Nahant, 215 Mass. 234, 102 N. E. 491, 494, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 1296, the court held the words “expenses and costs”-in a statute did npt ip-clmle am attorney's- fees. The court said: “ And if in the, statute- unEpr- consideration it hapl been the, intention of the Legislature, to,, impose upon, the tax payer- the, obligation in case pf- defeat- to pay tRe counsel fees of the opppsite party, it easEy could haye expressed that intent, in, clear and, xrumistakable language. ” The note tp. tRis ease, in, Annotated Cases cites a long list of eases, holding that attorneys,’ fees urny not he allowed as “expenses” as such word is used in the statutes construed. See also Smith v. Fergus County, 98 Mont. 377, 39 Pac. (2d) 193; State ex rel. Stanley v. Lujan, Judge, 43 N. M. 348, 93 Pac. (2d) 1002; City of Los Angeles v. Abbott, 217 *628 Cal. 184, 17 Pac. (2d) 993; Id.,129 Cal. App. 144, 18 Pac. (2d) 785 ; Triple Cities Construction Corp. v. Byers Machine Co., Inc., 172 Misc. 519, 15 N. Y. S. (2d) 89; Delaware, L. & W. R. Co. v. Fengler, 262 App. Div. 685, 31 N. Y. S. (2d) 403, affirmed 288 N. Y. 141, 42 N. E. (2d) 6; 25 C. J. S., Damages, sec. 50, p. 532.
¶13 •The judgment herein recites that “the defendants have, and they are hereby given and awarded judgment against the plaintiff for their costs and disbursements incurred in said action.” As employed in the judgment “costs and disbursements” mean the same thing. See 9 Words and Phrases, Perm. Ed., p. 805; Moss v. Underwriters’ Report, Inc., 12 Cal. (2d) 266, 83 Pac. (2d) 503. That attorneys’ fees are taxable as costs only by virtue of express authority conferred by statute, agreement, or stipulation, see 20 C. J. S., Costs, sec. 218, p. 455.
¶14 That “costs and disbursementsdo not include attorneys’ fees, see section 9786, Revised Codes, which provides: “The measure and mode of compensation of attorneys and counselors-at-law is left to agreement express or implied, of the parties, except that in probate proceedings the court may fix and allow the compensation of attorneys representing administrators, executors, guardians, and trustees, and agents appointed by the court. But parties to actions or proeedings are entitled to costs and disbursements as hereinafter provided.” Also see 14 Am. Jur. 38; 9 Words and Phrases, Perm. Ed., pp. 799-804.
¶15 Where, as here, the judgment is merely for the prevailing defendants’ “costs and disbursements” such prevailing parties most certainly may not add to that judgment by including in their cost bill an amount for attorneys' fees which, as before stated, is not a proper item of costs and disbursements nor is such item listed in section 9802, Revised Codes, specifying what are proper costs and disbursements.