majority">Hemphill, Ch. J.

The only question in this case is, whether a Commissioner at Nacogdoches, acting under a commission from the Executive of the State of Coahuila and Texas, had, on the 21st day of November, 1835, authority to issue titles to lands. The title of the appellant was issued on that day; and as it is unobjectionable in other respects, it must be deemed valid, provided the authority of the Commissioner still continued in force. The solution of this question depends upon the time at which the Act of the Consultation closing the Land Offices, took effect, whether immediately or only after promulgation and due notice of the adoption of the Act. The organic provision was ordained on the 13th November, 1835, and if its operation was immediate, the title of appellant is a nullity; if not, its validity depends upon the time at which the notice was or might have been received by the officer issuing the title. The point seems too clear for dispute, but, as it has been argued most zealously, ably and elaborately, it will receive such attention as can, under the pressure of other causes be allowed to its consideration.

The fourteenth Article of the Plan and Powers of the Provisional Government provides, “that all Land Commissioners, “ Empresarios, Surveyors, or persons in any wise concerned “ in the location of land, be ordered forthwith to cease their “ operations during the agitated and unsettled state of the “ country, and continue to desist from further locations until “ the Land Offices can be properly systematized,” &e. The Article further provides “ that suitable persons be appointed *388“ to take charge of the archives in said offices and deposit “them in safe places,” &e.

It is contended by the appellant, that this Act does not contemplate an immediate cesser of the operations of the Land Offices, but that this was to depend on a future event, viz: an order.to be issued for that purpose. The phraseology is somewhat peculiar, and, when taken alone, might possibly admit of two constructions. But when we consider that this was but one of many provisions of an organic law by which in a time of revolution a government was to be organized and put into operation ; that no part of such law was submitted or intended to be submitted to the people; that the exigence of the times required the prompt adoption and immediate enforcement of this fundamental Act; and especially, that it was very important to individuals absent in the army, and to government for financial, purposes, that no further abstractions from the public domain should be permitted, and the reason for such act, viz: “the agitated and unsettled state of the country,” being as cogent at the date of the Act as it could be in the future, we must come to the conclusion that the operation of the Article was intended to be immediate, to be general and uniform, and not in the future or variant or fluctuating, dependent upon the distance of the Empresario or Commissioner from the seat of Government, and. the respective times in which it was or might have been promulgated or made known respectively to the various officers and other persons concerned in the location, survey or passing titles to lands. This interpretation would comport with and-sustain the policy and object of the law, whereas, by the ofher, it would be seriously impaired, and in a great measure defeated.

The supreme authority was expressing their will that land operations should not be continued, and whether they phrased it that they should forthwith cease or be ordered forthwith to cease was immaterial. These phrases, at least under the circumstances, must be considered as equivalent to each other. The difference between them is a matter of style and not of *389substance; at most, the language cannot be taken to mean more than that the operations shall cease forthwith and the officers shall be notified to that effect, and not that a Surveyor or person concerned in the location of lands, although buried in the depth of the woods, may lawfully continue his operations until hunted up and informed of the suspensive clause of the organic law.

But if it were admitted that these views are erroneous, and that the appellant is right in his construction, yet this would not operate any substantial benefit to him or sustain his title. The Constitution presents against it an obstacle more formidable, if possible, than that which exists in the Act of the Consultation. By the Constitution it is declared, that, “ whereas “many surveys and titles to lands have been made while most “ of the people of Texas were absent from home serving in “ the campaign against Bexar, all the surveys and locations of “lands made since the Act of the late Consultation, closing “ the Land Offices, and all titles to land made since that time, “ are and shall be null and void.” Here is an emphatic declaration, annulling all locations and surveys made since the Act of the Consultation, and all titles to lands made since that time. What time is here spoken of? That of the Act of the Consultation, not the time when it went into operation, but the time of Act itself.

It is immaterial when it legally went into operation, whether immediately or on notice to the officer, or whether it never went into operation as against the acts of those who had no notice—the acts of all, from the time of the law, are equally and alike made null and void.

There can be no doubt of the power of the Convention to destroy even valid titles, and in this view an inquiry into the true meaning of the Act of the Consultation becomes immaterial. The only point to be ascertained is the date of the Act closing the Land Offices. That being fixed, the Constitution annihilates and extinguishes all subsequent operations in locating, surveying or making titles to the public lands.

*390It is contended, but we think on no plausible grounds, that the terms in the Constitution “since the Act” do not mean since the date of the Act, but since the respective times at which the Act took effect, that is to say, from the dates respectively at which the several officers or others employed in the land business or Offices received notice of the passage of the Act. The literal import of the terms, as well as the spirit and policy of the provision, repel any such construction. In fact the terms are too plain to admit of interpretation. .They are too positive and precise to allow a doubt of their meaning, or to give any loop on which to hang the construction contended for by appellant. The intention was manifestly to annul all acts and titles, from a particular date, and not some from one date and some from another, and even to permit others to stand on the ground that they may have emanated from some Special Commissioner, with his authority in his pocket, and who consequently may not have been expressly notified of the Act. Were the terms less explicit than they are, yet the appellant’s construction would be inadmissible on the ground of its palpable repugnancy to the object and purpose of the Convention. The design was to benefit those who had been serving in the public campaign against Bexar, and who were said, in the Constitution, to be most of the people of Texas, and to prevent those who, from reasons sufficient or insufficient, had chosen to remain at home, from absorbing the best portions of the public lands. This object would have been defeated, if the land operations had been permitted to continue through the whole period of the campaign. This had opened some time before the Act of the Consultation. Persons in service had, before the Act, suffered disadvantage by their absence from home, and they would have been the victims of the most gross injustice, had the Land Offices not been closed, and they thus allowed some chance of making fair and equal selections from the public lands. But would not this promise of benefit from the close of the Land Offices have been but a sound, a mere delusion, if they had not all been closed at the time of *391the Act, instead of some being closed immediately, and others open even until after the termination of the very campaign, the existence of which, by the Constitution is declared to be the moving cause of closing the Land Offices. The Constitution declares, that because there was a campaign, the Land Offices should be closed. The construction contended for by appellant is, that some of the offices should be kept open during the campaign, and then closed, and thus effectually exclude the soldier from the chances which the citizens had been making the best use of during his absence. That this would be the effect of the construction in relation to all the territory within the jurisdiction of the different Land Offices at Nacogdoches is evident from a moment’s consideration.

The Commissioner at that place, who issued this title, did not, as appears from the evidence, receive a formal notification of the Act until the 19th December, 1835. History informs us that this was but a few days after the close of the campaign against Bexar, leaving barely time for persons from Nacogdoches to return to their homes. So that the office would be, under the Constitution, open only when the absent soldier could derive no advantage from its being open, but closed immediately on his return, thus depriving him not only of the chance of getting any of the best lands, (for these would be taken by those who remained at home during the months of his absence,) but even of getting any of the refused lands, rejected by those who had every chance of culling and selecting the best.

The relief to those serving, intended by the Constitution, would, under this construction, be a mere delusion, at least to those from the eastern frontier. The inequality of its operation would be one of its most odious features. To the soldier of middle Texas, it would give the full relief imported by its terms ; while to those of the East it would give comparatively none. Land operations in the former would be suspended, but would continue in the latter long enough to abstract the best portions of the public domain, but not long enough to *392give those who had been absent on service a chance of procuring any kind of lands. But it is useless to prolong this discussion about terms, the meaning of which it is impossible to doubt, and which have always been understood in but one way by the people, by the profession so far as I am informed* and it is believed by the officers concerned in the administration of the laws in relation to the public domain. This construction has been sanctioned by this Court, in perhaps more instances than one, certainly in Jones v. Menard, 1 Tex. R. 789. Any other construction is in fact too preposterous, too absurd, too unequal and unjust in its consequences, to be for a moment received with any kind of toleration. If taken according to its received construction, all doubt in relation to the validity or invalidity of titles affected by the Act, is dissipated. All, issued after the 13th November, 1835, are invalid. But if the opposite construction be allowed, then all woulcl be confusion and uncertainty. The validity of title would depend on the possible or actual time at which notice was or might have been received at the respective Land Offices. It might be contended and with great plausibility, that the Land Offices should have been closed at Nacogdoches before the 19th December; but if so, what time should be fixed as the ultimate period for the ceasing of operations ? These difficulties would be incident not only to operations at Nácogdoches, but to those elsewhere, and would add to the embarrassments under which titles to land have been oppressed.

Under the construction contended for by appellant, the condition of a Surveyor would be extremely critical and dangerous. He must swear that his survey was prior to the closing of the Land .Offices by the Consultation, or subsequent to its being opened under the Act of 1837. ■ Now, if there be a fixed time for the close of the Land Offices, he can swear to the truth and avoid the crime of perjury; if not, he does not know certainly when the Office was closed, and is consequently in great danger of swearing falsely. Surveyors have always, however, taken their oath, on the supposition that the *393Land Offices were closed on the '13th November, 1835. Such has always been the opinion in the General Land Office. The officers there, it is believed, have regarded titles issuing after the 13th November, 1835, as nullities, and have not hesitated to regrant the lands to others, or to issue new titles to the original claimant on his applying a certificate to the survey.

There are several points which, in justice to the elaborate arguments that have been submitted, might, with great propriety, be discussed. But most of the authorities to which reference has been made, (even the journals of the General Council,) are inaccessible at this branch of the Court; and under the circumstances, especially in relation to a point about which there neither is nor ever has in the opinion of this Court been any doubt, there would be very little advantage in prolonging the investigation, or endeavoring to make that clear which is intrinsically beyond dispute.

The rule of Spanish jurisprudence, that a law has no force until promulgation, is admitted; as a general principle it is admirable, not less for the wisdom of its conception, than it is for the beneficence of its operation. But it is believed never to have been of any practical force in Texas, since the ineipiency of her separate legislation. No modes of publication similar or equivalent to those in use under Spanish and Mexican rule have ever been adopted. Under the former governments, laws, orders and decrees were immediately communicated from the highest, through every grade successively to the lowest authorities, and prompt measures, and those presumed to be effectual, were enforced, by proclamation, by posting up at public places, by beat of drum, &c., to communicate information of the laws to the people. No such measures have ever been used by Texas in her separate capacity. Laws are published in the newspapers and pamphlets, and no efforts are made by the government to diffuse them immediately through the community. The general principle of American law, that laws are in force from their date, (1 Kent, 454,) was always recognized in Texas, until it was modified by statute *394in 1840, and of course, under this principle, the Act of the Consultation did not depend, for its force or operation, on its .promulgation. But it is believed that the general' rule of Spanish jurisprudence is not without its exceptions, and that there may be laws which from their subject matter, or from special provision, became of immediate force. If so, no law, from its subject matter or object, could present stronger grounds for instantaneous effect, than could the organic law of the Consultation.

The counsel for the appellee contends, and with much force, -that all organic laws go into operation immediately, (if not expressly or by implication otherwise provided,) and he cites instances of treaties between States (acknowledging the general rule in relation to the necessity of promulgation) which Were in force from date of their signature long before their ratification ; (United States v. Reynes, 9 How. 149 ; Davis v. The Police Jury of Concordia, Id. 280 ;) and that under the treaty between Spain and France, ceding Louisiana to the latter, all grants made by Spanish officers after the the date of the treaty, though- long before they had any knowledge of its existence, were null and void.

Judgment affirmed.

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