12 Va. App. 1100 - Smith v. Commonwealth’s Empirical Analysis
1991
Citation profile
33 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 33 later decisions — most recently April 2018 · most notably 14 Va. App. 86 - Payne v. Commonwealth (1992), 60 Va. App. 381 - Van Andre Beasley v. Commonwealth of Virginia (2012)
33 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · United States v. Cortez · California v. Hodari D. · California v. Southland Royalty Co. · 4 Va. App. 53 - Williams v. Commonwealth
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 33 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The circumstances we may consider include “the ‘characteristics of the area’ where the stop occurs, the time of the stop, whether late at night or not, as well as any suspicious conduct of the person accosted such as an obvious attempt to avoid officers or any nervous conduct on the discovery of their presence.””
4 later decisions quote this exact passage“Trained and experienced police officers ... may be able to perceive and articulate meaning in given conduct which would be wholly innocent to the untrained observer.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.