¶1This is an election contest involving the right to the office of supervisor in district Ho. 3, county of Tulare. Defendant was declared elected by the board of canvassers. At the trial the court found that each received the same number of legal votes, and, as a conclusion of law, that plaintiff take nothing by the action.
¶21. The first point made upon the appeal is, that a certain ballot which had been counted for the defendant is illegal because it was marked so that it could be identified. There clearly was such a mark upon the ballot, and if it was upon the ballot when voted it should be rejected. The court found that the mark was not upon the ticket when taken from the box, but was made subsequently. There was some evidence to sustain this finding, although apparently the preponderance was the other way. After the preliminary showing as to the custody of the ballots since the election, there was also a strong presumption that the ballots were in the same condition in which they were first taken from the box—that is, that the marks were made by the voter. Still, we cannot say that there was not a substantial conflict in the evidence. Two witnesses testified that they scrutinized the ballots closely as they were first counted and would have seen the mark had it been there. They saw no such mark.
¶32. The plaintiff offered to prove an illegal vote which was not specified in the list of illegal votes served by him on the defendant, as required by section 111 6 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The evidence was, upon objection, excluded.
¶4Athough not on plaintiff’s list, the voter’s name was on a list served on the plaintiff by the defendant, and appellant now contends that defendant must therefore have known of the illegality of the vote and the purpose of the statute requiring a notice has been accomplished. But the purpose of the statute had not been accomplished. It was intended that the opposite-party should know what votes the contestant would attempt to show were illegal, in order that he might come prepared with evidence upon, that subject. If he had learned that the voter *535named had voted for him or was a legal voter, and for either reason did not prepare proof upon the subject, such evidence would he as unfair as though the voter had never been named. He was not apprised that the contestant would rely upon the illegality of that vote.
¶53. One Stingley was called for plaintiff and testified that he voted for the defendant. Although the court held that Stingley was not a legal voter, it refused to deduct the vote from the tally of defendant. The reason given was that Stingley, as a witness, was so thoroughly impeached that he could not he believed, and the court could not determine for whom he voted. The testimony consisted of proof by several witnesses that Stingley had stated to them that he did not vote for anyone for supervisor, and for certain reasons would not vote for the defendant. As independent evidence these statements were clearly incompetent, as was held in the recent case of Lauer v. Estes, 120 Cal. 652. But it was here used for the purpose of impeachment," and may well have had the effect given it by the court. There was no evidence other than that of the impeached witness as to how he had' voted.
¶64. One Crabtree, called as a witness, was asked for whom he had voted for supervisor. He declined to answer and was then asked: “Without intimating whether or not you voted, did you have any preference for the office of supervisor of supervisor district Ho. 3 on or before the third day of Hovember, 1896,' and before the day the general election was held in this super-' visor district?” An objection haying been overruled, he answered: “On election day if I had voted I suppose I would have voted for Mr. Thomas.” He was then asked if he had voted at all would he have voted for supervisor. To which he replied: “I don’t know but what I would.” There was other evidence which tended to show that the witness had voted and that he was not a legal voter.
¶7The court refused to deduct the vote from the tally of defendant, and perhaps in so doing was influenced to some extent by the testimony, improperly admitted, tending to show that the witness had said that he had voted for Smith. There was, however, no testimony as to how he voted except that above set out. I do not think it amounted to evidence. He thought when *536on the witness stand that he would have voted for Thomas if he had voted, and if he had voted he did not know but he would have voted for supervisor. The witness could not have been convicted of perjury for this testimony if it had been proven that he voted for Smith. He may have forgotten how he did ih fact vote. At the general election there .were many other offices to he filled. The requirement of secrecy is based upon the idea that voters may find it inconvenient to have it known for whom they voted—may, in fact, be weak enough to desire to -create the impression that they voted otherwise than as they did vote. They may not be willing to risk their political standing by openly voting independently. And I think results show that many do vote differently from their professions.
¶8' Under such circumstances, I think very clear evidence should be furnished as to how one did vote before his vote can be deducted from the total of any candidate. The secret ballot brings many inconveniences, and we must take the bitter with the sweet.
¶95. We cannot disturb the finding as to the residence of George Phoebus. His evidence was to the effect that he was often absent from Visalia, performing different jobs of work, but that he always left with the intent of returning when his work was done. The evidence is somewhat equivocal, but I think the construction given it by the court was reasonable.
¶10The judgment is affirmed.
¶11McFarland, J., Garoutte, J., Harrison, J., Henshaw, J., and . Beatty, C. J., concurred.