State v. Walters’s Empirical Analysis
1996
Citation profile
74 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 74 later decisions — most recently July 2016 · most notably State v. Ryon (2005), State v. Lovegren (2002)
74 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · United States v. Mendenhall · Florida v. Bostick · Cady v. Dombrowski · Michigan v. Chesternut
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 74 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The test for determining if a police-citizen encounter is consensual depends on whether, under the totality of the circumstances surrounding the encounter, the police conduct would have communicated to a reasonable person that the person was not free to decline the officers’ requests or otherwise terminate the encounter. The test is an objective one based upon a reasonable person standard, not the subjective perceptions of the particular individual. The test presumes an innocent reasonable person. In making this determination, the court should consider the sequence of the officer’s actions and how a reasonable person would perceive those actions. Only when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen may we conclude that a seizure has occurred.”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. State v. Williams“Prohibiting the use of emergency lights in these situations would require an officer to approach a stopped car at night without an immediate means of conveying that he presents no threat to the occupant of the car. Under these circumstances, the flashing emergency lights identify the officer just as his uniform and marked patrol car do. We are loathe to discourage community caretaker stops or to make them hazardous for motorists or the police.”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. State v. Mireles“police officer may approach an individual, ask questions, and request identification without the encounter becoming a seizure under the Fourth Amendment”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. In Re Jason L.
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.