majority">CHILTON, J.

Several decisions of this court are conclusive to show, that when a person entrusts another with his blank signature, to be filled up for a particular sum, or to be used in a particular manner, and it is filled up with a greater sum, or is used in a different mode than that contemplated, the paper, nevertheless, in the hands of a bona fide *277holder, may be recovered upon. See authorities cited in Decatur Bank v. Spence, 9 Ala. R. 800. The second plea to which a demurrer was sustained, is evidently defective, as it does not aver any knowledge on the part of the holder of the paper, of the circumstances set forth to invalidate the bill, or that the character in which he holds it, or the means by which he acquired it, justified an inquiry into its consideration. The third plea was properly held bad, as it contains no averment connecting the blank signature of the defendant below with the bill sued upon. But it is unnecessary to go into an investigation of the merits of the pleas, as it is manifest from the record that the plaintiff in error has had all the benefit which he possibly could have had under these pleas, under the general issue which was sworn to, and having sustained no injury, he cannot be heard to complain. The rule is, that the party plaintiff in this court must show injury as well as error, to entitle him to a reversal. See McKenzie v. Jackson, 4 Ala. Rep. 230; Shehan v. Hampton, 8 Ala. Rep. 943.

2. Waiving the consideration of the question, whether the ■circumstances connected with the making and negotiating the bill in suit, coupled with the fact that a want of funds of the drawer in the hands of the acceptor, do not dispense with the necessity of notice of the dishonor of the bill to the drawer, (1 Camp. Rep. 247,) we will briefly proceed to state the grounds upon which we determine the notice which was given is sufficient to charge the plaintiff in error with the payment of the bill.

In due time after the maturity of the bill, it was regularly protested for non-payment by a notary public, who forwarded, by the next mail, notice of protest, directed to Selma, Dallas county, Alabama, to the address of the plaintiff in error. The bill of exceptions shows that the plaintiff in error was a planter, residing near Selma, his then nearest post office, at the time of the making of said bill of exchange, but that some two months before the maturity of said bill, said defendant had permanently removed to Talladega county with his family, and was residing in said county at the maturity of said bill, and has resided there ever since, but the ■defendant continued to own the farm near Selma, upon which *278he had formerly resided, and his slaves, after his removal, made a crop there, he visiting the plantation several times, and remaining a day or two each time. That after his removal, Selma ceased to be his nearest post office by some seventy or eighty miles. It was also shown, the plaintiff resided in Mobile when the bill was protested, but there was no proof showing the plaintiff below knew of the removal of defendant, or that his residence was known to him, unless sending the notice to Selma is evidence of such fact of residence. 'This is all the evidence upon the subject of the drawer’s domicil.

It is well settled, that a domicil once fixed, remains until a new one is acquired. Jemison v. Hopgood, 19 Pick. 77; 11 Ib. 401; 11 Mass. 424. The permanent removal to Talladega county does not necessarily imply, that the party had a fixed residence in that county at any particular place, so that notice might have been transmitted to him. But he was “residing there at the maturity of the bill. How long had his residence been fixed there ? It may be two months —one month — a day — we are not advised ; and as the defendant below sought to avoid the effect of the notice, by showing a change of his residence, he who could have made the matter plain, should have done so. The fourth and fifth charges, which present the question of notice to the court, assume that the removal of the plaintiff in error, without regard to his fixed or permanent residence, would avoid the effect of notice sent to his former residence in Dallas. He may have changed his location daily in Talladega county, before acquiring there a fixed domicil, and a notice directed to any post office in that county, pending this period, would have been less likely to have reached him than if sent to his plantation.

The object of the law, in requiring notice to be given of the dishonor of the bill to the drawee, is to enable him to withdraw his funds from the hands of the acceptor, or, if he be a drawer for the accommodation of the acceptor, that he may promptly provide himself indemnity by suit. But while the rule has respect to the protection of the parties, it is not so stringent as to require the exercise of extraordinary ¡diligence. It must receive a reasonable construction, adapted *279to the general convenience of the mercantile world, and such as will clog as little as possible, consistent with a due regard to the safety of the parties, the circulation of paper of this description. In the Bank of Columbia v. Lawrence, 1 Pet. Rep. 578, the question of notice is discussed at some length. In that case, the defendant resided within three miles of Georgetown, which was his nearest post office, and at which the notice was left. Before the maturity of the bill, he had however resided in Washington City, where he had carried on the business, of a morocco leather dresser, keeping a shop and he and his family residing in a house of his own. This house he still owned, and often rented it, (being in the occupancy of his sister-in-law,) settling up his old accounts, &c. The judge of the circuit court charged, that the notice should have been sent to Washington City, but the supreme court reversed the judgment, deciding the note sent to the post office at either place was sufficient. So, in the Bank of Utica v. Philips, 3 Wend. Rep. 410, where the defendant, after the indorsement, but before the maturity of the note declared on, removed from Geddes, in the county of Onondaga, to Fulton, in the county of Osmego, the holder, having at the time of the indorsement noted upon the paper his place of residence, caused notice of protest to be forwarded to Geddes, his former place of residence, having no notice of his removal. The court (Marcy, J.) held the notice sufficient, and say, “ the question of diligence cannot arise except in cases where the party knows or ought to know that there is occasion for its exercise. Ought the holders of this note, when it fell due, to have known that intermediate its discount and maturity, the indorser had changed his residence ? They had no reason to suspect such an event, and of course, no considerations of diligence could have prompted them to have instituted any inquiry in relation to it.” See also McMurtie v. Jones, 3 Wash. C. C. Rep. 206; Baily on Bills, 283; Story on Bills, 230, 231, and note 2, where the authorities are collated. We are not, however, called upon to go so far as the court in the Bank of Utica v. Philips, and desire to confine our opinion to the facts of this case, resting it upon the ground that the isolated fact of the removal of the defendant, who was a planter, of his white family to Talladega, two months before the *280maturity of the bill, leaving his slaves on the plantation, and showing no change in the mode of carrying on his business, to which he gives personal attention, is not of itself sufficient to avoid the effect of notice directed to that point.

3. It appears that at the time of the purchase by Haynes of the bagging and rope from the plaintiff, and the filling up the bill in suit, Haynes executed his four notes for the amount, and that McCoy, the plaintiff, gave him a receipt, in these words: “ Rec’d, Mobile, 27 May, 1844, of Thomas Haynes, Esq. T. A. Goodwin’s draft on Thomas Haynes, and by him accepted, payable 1-4 April, 1845, for twenty-five hundred dollars, as collateral security for the following notes: Tho. Haynes’s note in my favor, due 15-18 Dec. ’44, for $642 31; note in my favor due 15-18 Jan’y, ’45, for $642 31; note due 15-18 Feb’y, ’45, for $642 32; another due 1-4 March, ’45, for $642 32. The above acceptance of Thomas Haynes, to be given up on payment of above four notes. (Signed)

Franklin W. McCoy.”

It is contended by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, that this bill cannot be allowed to operate as a guaranty for the payment of Haynes’s notes, as it is not apparent on its face that such was the intent of the parties, and that parol evidence is inadmissible to change the written contract. The answer to this is, that such proof is not necessary to entitle the plaintiff to a recovery upon the bill, and moreover, the only proof offered upon the subject was admitted upon the motion of the plaintiff in error, and he cannot complain of its admission. But the proof does not contradict the written instrument, it only explains the consideration upon which the bill was negotiated.

It is further insisted, that by the contemporaneous execution of the above receipt, the acceptance is qualified, and the bill is made payable upon a contingency, and cannot for this-reason be recovered. Admitting that the bill, notes and receipts, all form but one contract between the acceptor and the' plaintiff below, and that it is well settled law that the bill must be payable absolutely and at all events, still we think the effect of this contract is not such as to make the paper, as respects the drawer or the acceptor conditional, or contingent in the sense as understood by the law. In what does *281the condition or contingency annexed to this bill differ from that implied in every other ? It is to be delivered up to the acceptor upon full payment. The bill sued, on and the four notes are given for the same consideration; the payment of the one cancels and discharges the others. If this constitutes it conditional and contingent, then every bill drawn in sets after the usual form, would be liable to the same objection; for each of the set is made payable upon condition the others of the set have not been paid. So in the bill before us, construed in connection with the receipt, it is to be paid absolutely and at all events, but if the acceptor pays the debt for which* the bill is given, then of course it is discharged, and to be returned to the acceptor. The liability of the drawer is in no manner affected. His undertaking is always collateral to that of the acceptor, being chargeable, if the acceptor fails to pay.

But if we allow the position of the counsel to hold good, that the bill is rendered contingent by this arrangement, still the charges asked by the plaintiff in error, presenting this feature in the case, were properly refused, as they denied the right of action altogether; whereas the contract, having been fully executed by the plaintiff below, and being perfectly legal and made by Haynes, as he proves with full authority from Goodwin thus to bind him, is certainly evidence under the common counts, and in connection with the other proof, fully justified a recovery, if the jury believed the credit was given to Goodwin, the plaintiff in error, although Haynes received the bagging and rope, and bound himself likewise to pay.

It does not follow, however, that a partial or conditional acceptance renders the bill, which is not payable upon a contingency but absolutely, inoperative against the drawer. The duty of the holder, if he take such conditional acceptance, is to give immediate notice to the drawer of the character of the acceptance. Chitty on Bills, 300; Payton v. Winter, 1 Taunt. Rep. 422. If it be replied, no such notice was given in the case at bar, the answer is, Haynes was the agent of Goodwin the drawer, to fill up the blank and negotiate the bill, and with full authority to make the arrange*282ment as it was consummated. The drawer must then be considered as having notice of the terms of the acceptance, the drawing and accepting the bill being contemporaneous acts.

We will not pursue the subject further. The conclusions attained by us, show the charge given by the court was unexceptionable, and the charges asked were properly refused, and that there was no error of which the plaintiff in error can complain, in sustaining the demurrer to the pleas.

Let the judgment be affirmed.

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