majority">Mr. Justice Hayt

delivered the opinion of the court.

The decision upon this appeal involves a construction of section 16 of the general corporation act of this state, which.section reads as follows: “Every such corporation *200shall annually, within sixty days from the 1st day of January, make a report which shall state the amount of its capital, and the proportion actually paid in, and the amount of existing debts; which report shall be signed by the president, and shall be verified by the oath of the president or secretary of said company, under its corporate seal, and filed in the office of the recorder of deeds of the county where the business of the company shall be carried on. And if any such corporation shall fail so to do, unless the capital stock of such corporation has been fully paid in, and a certificate made and filed as provided in section twelve (12) of this act, all the directors or trustees of the company shall be jointly and severally liable for all the debts of the company that shall be contracted during the year next preceding the time when such report should by this section have been made and filed, and until such report shall be made.” Sec. 252, Gen. St. Under the provisions of section 12 of the act, when the entire capital stock of a corporation is fully paid up, it is made the duty of certain of its officers to make a certificate to that effect, and cause the same to be recorded in the office of the secretary of state, and a copy in the office of the recorder of deeds of the county wherein the business of said company is to be carried on.

Section 16 is not entirely free from ambiguity when viewed with reference to the various conditions of fact which may arise in the transaction of corporate business. If, as contended by appellant, the words used are to be literally.construed, then in base of default “all the'directors * * * are * * * liable for all the debts.”

This construction would work such manifest injustice that it ought not to be adopted if the' language used will fairly admit of a more reasonable construction. It may frequently happen that the term of office of the directors in charge of the corporate business may expire, as in this case, after an indebtedness has been created, and after default; and it would be an unreasonable construction *201of the statute to make their successors in office liable for an indebtedness in the incurring of which they had no voice, solely on account of a default which they were powerless to prevent. They could not prevent it, having no voice in the corporate management at the time the default occurred, while the liability would attach to them immediately upon their induction into office, and, having once attached, the consequences could not be averted by thereafter filing the report, as under the statute provision is made for preventing further liability only by filing the report; and by so doing the directors would not be released from liability already incurred. When the liability has once attached it remains fixed and permanent, and no way of escaping its consequences is provided. To hold the trustees in no way responsible for the default liable to the statutory penalty would in our judgment be an interpretation that would result most disastrously to corporations in general, and be repugnant to the general policy of the act, which is to prevent individual liability. Such a construction would most effectually deter prudent men from assuming the management of the corporate business in case the affairs of the corporation should become involved, as the result of business depression, improvident, reckless or criminal conduct on the part of the previous board of directors. A better and safer construction is that which limits the liability to the trustees chargeable with the neglect of duty. • If we construe the phrase “all the directors or trustees,” as used in the statute, to refer to such directors or trustees only as are chargeable with the default, no violence is done to the language used, a more reasonable result will be reached, and one that is fully supported by precedent.

The New York statute reads: “All the trustees of the • company shall be jointly and severally liable for all the debts of the company then existing, and for all that shall be contracted before such report shall be made.”

A comparison of the two acts shows that the statutes *202are, so far as the liability of the officers is concerned, practically the same, with the single exception of the limitation as to the time within which the debts must have been contracted, found in the Colorado law. The New York statute has been frequently under review by the courts of that state, and the construction universally placed upon it will be found to be in full accord with the conclusions we have reached. In fact, the precise point involved in this suit was decided in Boughton v. Otis, 21 N. Y. 261, as will be seen from the following extract from the opinion of the court: “The corporation hada board of three trustees who were in office on the 1st of January, 1857, and they neglected, in that month and afterwards, to make a report as required by the act. Two of them went out in March, 1857, and were succeeded by two others. The defendant Otis is one of the latter, and he has demurred to the complaint. This suit was brought before the close of that year to recover an indebtedness represented in two notes. One of the notes is averred to have been given on the 8th of April, 1857, for goods sold by the plaintiff to the company prior to the 1st of January preceding, and the other was given in July for goods alleged to have been sold between the 8th of January and the 5th of May, 1857. These averments fail to show that any part of the debt accrued prior to the time in March when the change of trustees took place. Consistently with the allegation, the portion represented in the note last given might all have accrued in the month of January. The trustees chosen in March, therefore, were not liable to pay for any portion of the goods.” A similar conclusion is also reached in the case of Quarry Co. v. Bliss, 27 N. Y. 299. The facts alleged in the complaint in the case at bar are identical with those appearing in the case of Boughton v. Otis, supra.Neither of the appellees was in office at the time the debt was contracted, nor during any portion of the sixty days from the 1st day of January, A. D. 1885, *203within which the certificate should have been filed in order that the default might have been prevented. Therefore, under the construction which has been given the statute, the complaint failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against appellees, and the district court properly sustained the demurrers thereto. Judgment affirmed.

Affirmed.

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