Wall v. Arrington

¶1By the Court.

¶2delivering the opinion.

¶3The questions in this case are all made by the refusal of the Court to charge as requested by the defendant’s counsel. I shall take up the points in their natural order, and not as they stand in the bill of exceptions.

¶4[1.] The 4th and 5th grounds are the same in substance, and the proposition which they assert is, thatparol proof is inadmissible to correet mistakes in bonds, deeds of mortgage and other contracts, respecting lands.

¶5Chancellor Kent, in 1817, thirty-six years ago, declared that it had been the steady language of the English Chancery for the last seventy years preceding that period, and of all the compilers of the doctrines of that Court, that a party may be admitted to shew by verbal evidence a mistake as well as fraud in the execution of a deed or other writing. Gillespie and Wife vs. Moon, 2 Johns. Ch. Rep. 585. And accordingly in that case, he decreed that the defendant release to the plaintiffs the title to 50 acres of land, which was included in the conveyance made to him by an error in the description of the land. And a stronger case than this could not arise. For the mistake was most positively denied in the answer to the bill brought to rectify it; and the oral testimony was received in opposition to the plain language of the deed as well as to the defendant’s answer.

¶6After citing this ease with emphatic approval, in one of the first and most elaborate opinions delivered by this Court, to wit, Rogers vs. Atkinson et al. (1 Kelly, 12,) and ruling explicitly that as it respects the right of a Court of Chancery to rectify mistakes and reform written contracts, there was no *92difference between that class of cases required by the Statute of Frauds to be in writing and those not within the Statute, we flattered ourselves that this principle at least, would have been considered as settled. But we were mistaken.

¶7The broad question was again made in Trout vs. Goodman, (7 Geo. R. 383.) And notwithstanding we believed that the parol evidence, which consisted of the declarations of the vendor made subsequent to the sale, ought not, under the stanees, to have prevailed against the answer of the defendant, denying the alleged mistake, still as we were with the defendant in error as to the competency of the proof, and the matter of its sufficiency was a question alone for the Jury, its weight in this, as in all other cases, being their business, and not ours, we refused to disturb the verdict. By it, the vendee obtained a decree for sixty acres of land more than was embraced in the boundary lines, as set forth in his bond for titles.

¶8The subsequent renewal of this sabject, satisfies us that we may despair of ever looking upon it as res adjudicata, in our day. Perhaps our successors, abounding more both in reason and authority than ourselves, as well as it respects this as other questions so repeatedly and perseveringly brought up for re-hearing and re-adjudication, may be more fortunate, because more successful in giving rest to the land.

¶9It only remains for us to pronounce, which we accordingly do, that in our humble opinion the parol proof in this case was competent and admissible ; and we will add that it establishes most clearly and conclusively the fact of the mistake, as charged in the bill.

¶10[2.] Does the fact that the complainant had a warrantee deed from Nathan Land, his vendor, deprive him of the relief which he seeks ?

¶11Would it be equitable to turn Arrington over upon Land ? On the contrary, is not Land, who is before the Court, entitled to have this correction and reformation made for his benefit ? He was an innocent purchaser from Peck, as Peck was under the mortgage from Wall, without notice of the error in the number of the lot. What justice would there be in relieving *93Arrington at Lis expense ? None. On the contrary, all who hold under the mortgage sale, have equal claims upon a Court of Chancery to have this mistake corrected, for the benefit of each and all of them.

¶12[3.] But it is said that inasmuch as Beyton and Charles Reynolds, wcrv judgment creditors of Wall, and had no notice or knowledge of the alleged mistake, that it cannot be corrected as against them.

¶13The authority of Judge Story is in opposition to this position. He says that in all cases of mistake in written instruments, Courts of Equity will interfere as between the original parties, or those claiming under them in privity, such as personal representatives, heirs, devisees, legatees, voluntary grantees, or judgment creditors, or purchasers from them with notice of the facts. 1 Stor. Eq. §165. See also, Burgh vs. Francis, 1 Eq. Cas. Abr. 320. Taylor vs. Wheeler, 2 Vernon, 564. Finch vs. The Earl of Winchelsea, 1 P. Williams, 277. In the matter of Howe, 1 Paige, 125. White and others, vs. Wilson and another, 6 Black. 448.

¶14[4.] This last case was very similar in all respects, to the present. Hunt, one of the defendants, mortgaged certain lands to the complainants. A tract intended to be included, was omitted by mistake. Subsequent to the mortgage, certain creditors of Hunt obtained judgment against him and threatened to levy on the land which by mistake had been left out of the mortgage. The Supreme Court of Indiana held that a Court of Chancery had authority to correct the mistake in the mortgage, and free the omitted tract from the lien of the judgment.

¶15The case of the United States vs. Monroe et al. (5 Mason’s Rep. 572,) is relied on as authority in conflict with the opinion in Judge Story’s Commentaries that mistakes may be corrected as against judgment creditors. Let us examine it and see.

¶16Samuel Langton had assigned his effects to Washington Monroe and Elijah Loring. Subsequent to the assignment, Monroe became insolvent, and made an assignment of all his *94property, including all that passed for his benefit, under the assignment from Langton. A bill was brought by the United States against Monroe and Loring, to enforce their right of priority of payment of debts out of the effects of Langton, and for this purpose, to show that it was the intention of all the parties to the assignment made by Langton, that the clause providing for the priority of payment of custom-house bonds due to the^ United States, should apply to all the bonds of Langton then owing to the custom-house, and not as the terms of the assignment plainly purported, to those bonds only upon which Monroe was surety.

¶17Judge Story decided, and very properly, and in entire consistency with the doctrine quoted from his Equity Jurisprudence, that the assignees and creditors of Monroe were essentially interested in the litigation, and should have been made parties to the bill; and suggested as a reason for this opinion, that they might have released their debts upon the faith of the validity of the assignment from Langton in its original shape; and that unless they had some notice of the alleged mistake, it would be very difficult, even if they were before the Coru-t, to reform the assignment from Langton to Monroe, to their prejudice.

¶18[5.] And so we think. Innocent purchasers under the judgment of Ofmy against Wall, which was transferred to the Messrs. Reynolds, would be entitled to protection against this mistake. It is true that ingenious suppositions are made in argument, to show how, by possibility, these judgment creditors may have been injured; still no attempt was made on the trial below to establish any actual loss.

¶19[6.] Before dismissing this branch of the case, I would remark, that Judge Story takes occasion in this opinion, in 5 Mason, to state the rule as to the manner of alleging the mistake in a bill brought for its correction, as well as the degree of proof necessary to obtain a decree. He says:

¶20“ If the bill seeks to correct an asserted mistake in the language of the instrument, differing from the intention of the parties, and reform the instrument and obtain the consequent *95relief, it is not sufficient to allege generally that the intention was different; but there must be an express averment that the instrument, as existing, differs from the intention of the parties — stating the particulars — and the bill must conclude with a prayer for the correction of the mistake and decree according to the reformed instrument.”

¶21[7.]“ In cases of asserted mistake in written instruments, it is not denied that a Court of Equity has authority to reform the instrument. But such a Court is very slow in exerting such an authority; and it requires the strongest and clearest evidence to establish the mistake. It is not sufficient that there may be some reason to presume a mistake. The evidence must be clear, unequivocal, and decisive; not evidence which hangs equal or nearly in equilibrio.”

¶22[8.] But it is again argued that if the complainant has not shown due diligence, he is not entitled to the relief which he seeks.

¶23The law upon this subject, was fully and fairly given in charge to the Jury. The mortgage from Wall to Peck, in which the mistake as to the No. of the lot first occurred, No. 109 having been accidentally substituted for No. 112, by the scrivener who drafted the deed. I say this mortgage bears date in 1840. In 1844 the land was sold under the mortgage foreclosure, and bought in by Peck, who took a Sheriff’s title, in which the same error occurs. The ensuing year, 1845, Peck sold to Land, still continuing the misdescription. Land conveyed to Thomas N. Arrington, the complainant, in 1847, each vendor referring to the previous deeds for a description of the premises, and consequently each perpetuating the mistake ; and it was not until the assignee of the plaintiff in fi. fa. in 1849, detected the defect in the conveyances and caused the land to be levied on, that it come to the knowledge of those parties, who resorted immediately to Equity for relief.

¶24His Honor, the Circuit Judge, instructed the Jury, that if the complainant upon this state of facts, had been in any way negligent or had not manifested due diligence, the mistake *96could not be corrected) especially if injury had resulted to any of the parties by his carelessness.

¶25In (Gillespie and Moon, the trustee sold in 1799, and died in 1814, without taking any measures to have the mistake corrected, although she expressed her intention to do so in 1806 ; and the cestui que trust, immediately after her death, filed a bill for relief against the mistake. Counsel insisted, that as no step was taken by the trustee for fifteen years while she lived, but she looked on in silence during all this period, and that too, when she knew that the defendant was in possession of the whole lot, and was improving the 50 acres in dispute, as his own property, that such gross negligence on her part ought to stop any application for relief.

¶26But the Chancellor held that there was no pretext even for the suggestion of any delay or acquiescence injurious to the just rights of the plaintiff, and added, that Courts had been liberal on this head.

¶27In East vs. Thornbury, (3 P. Wms. 126,) a mistake was rectified after seven years’ acquiescence.

¶28[9.] It is true that in Bell vs. Cundale, (1 Ambler, 101,) Lord Hardwicke, in 1750, refused to rectify a mistake in the body of a common recovery of a copy-hold estate suffered at a Court Baron, held for the Manor of Rippon in 1706, where the name of the vouchee was inserted instead of that of the tenant. But here 44 years had elapsed; and it appeared on the pleadings that the remainder-man upon the foot of the mistake in the recovery, had got possession of the estate and had sold it to a purchaser for a valuable consideration, without notice.

¶29[10.] Here, Wall never owned lot No. 109, but did purchase of one Johnson, and occupy No. 112, until he was dispossessed under the judicial sale, in 1844 ; when Wall went out, and Peck and those claiming under him, went into possession of the right lot, and have continued to hold and occupy the same ever since.

¶30We may well say, that there is no acquiescence here to bar the complainants.

¶31One word in reply to the argument, that it is not competent *97for a Court of Chancery to free lot No. 112, from the judgment lien acquired at Law by Ofmy and his assignees.

¶32If it be in the power of Courts of Equity to correct mistakes in contracts, not only as between the original parties, but also 'as against the judgment creditors of one of them, and we have endeavored to show that this jurisdiction rightfully belongs to. Courts of Chancery, then it was lot No. 112, and not lot No. 109, that was mortgaged by Wall to Peck, in 1840, and the mortgage lien on lot No. 112 is older than the lien at Law of Ofmy and his assignees upon lot No. 112 ; and therefore the sale under it passed the legal title to the purchaser.