13 Va. App. 206 - Ruffin v. Commonwealth’s Empirical Analysis
1991
Citation profile
21 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 21 later decisions — most recently May 2016
21 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Payton v. New York · Coolidge v. New Hampshire · Texas v. Brown · Horton v. California
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 21 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“facially innocent vessel[s] of a type employed by law-abiding citizens, on a daily basis, for legitimate uses.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage““[Pjrobable cause is a flexible, common sense standard. It merely requires that the facts available to the officer ‘would warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief,’ that certain items may be contraband ...; it does not demand any showing that such a belief be correct or more likely true than false.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.