13 Va. App. 399 - Penn v. Commonwealth’s Empirical Analysis
1991
Citation profile
1 federal appellate · 72 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 76 later decisions — most recently January 2011 · most notably Drewitt v. Pratt (1993), 27 Cal. 4th 601 - People v. McKay (2002)
1 federal appellate · 72 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Mapp v. Ohio · Illinois v. Lafayette · Newland v. Georgia · Vereen v. United States · Street v. Surdyka
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 76 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The fourth amendment permits an officer who has probable cause to make a warrantless arrest. . . . Accordingly, probable cause is the standard for testing the constitutional validity of the arrest. . . . “[T]he test of constitutional validity is whether at the moment of arrest the arresting officer had knowledge of sufficient facts and circumstances to warrant a reasonable man in believing that an offense has been committed.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage“[w]here an illegal arrest under Code § 19.2-81 [warrantless misdemeanor arrest committed in officer's presence] does not violate any constitutional rights, the defendant is not entitled to have evidence seized pursuant to that arrest excluded.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage“[t]he radio message from [the witnessing officer], which was based on [the witnessing officer's] personal observations, was sufficient to give [the arresting officer] probable cause to believe that Penn was guilty of littering.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.