Raso v. Lago’s Empirical Analysis
135 F.3d 11 · 1998
Citation profile
20 federal appellate · 5 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 40 later decisions — most recently September 2024 · most notably Hayden v. County of Nassau (1999), Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod v. Federal Communications Commission (1998)
20 federal appellate · 5 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1437F · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Conley v. Gibson · Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · Washington v. Davis · Bolling v. Sharpe
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 40 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[A] concern with race ... does not make such enactments or actions unlawful or automatically 'suspect' under the Equal Protection Clause.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“It is also error to treat " 'racial motive' as a synonym for a constitutional violation" or "racial classification." This holds true even for a decisionmaker's racially discriminatory purpose. Racially discriminatory purpose, alone, is not a racial classification because racial classification is more than a mere thought.... [R]acial classification occurs when an action "distributes burdens or benefits on the basis of" race.... [R]acially discriminatory purpose refers to the purpose or intent in selecting an action and not to whether the selected action resulted in actual discrimination or classifications.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“normally refers to a governmental standard, preferentially favorable to one race or another, for the distribution of benefits.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.