United States v. Gray’s Empirical Analysis
137 F.3d 765 · 1998
Citation profile
21 federal appellate · 3 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 70 later decisions — most recently June 2025 · most notably United States v. Fernandez (2004), United States of America v. Ruben Feliciano Nelson Gonzalez (2000)
21 federal appellate · 3 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (Hobbs Act) · 18 U.S.C. § 1956 (§ 1352 of the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986) · 18 U.S.C. § 1959 · 18 U.S.C. § 1961 (§ 901 of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) · 18 U.S.C. § 3553 · 18 U.S.C. § 3742 · 18 U.S.C. § 844 · 18 U.S.C. § 924
Relies on Glasser v. United States · Wong Sun v. United States · Schneckloth v. Bustamonte · Brinegar v. United States · Ornelas v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 70 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“It is an objective standard of probability that reasonable and prudent persons apply in everyday life.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“meet the minimal standard required to satisfy the interstate commerce requirement of § 1959(b)(2)”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Whoever, as consideration for the receipt of, or as consideration for a promise or agreement to pay, anything of pecuniary value from an enterprise engaged in racketeering activity ... murders ... any individual ... or attempts or conspires to do so ... shall be punished ....”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.