¶1The plaintiff brought action for damages sustained by failure of the defendants to deliver certain packages of freight, delivered to the defendant, the Norfolk-Southern Railroad Company, at (69) Elizabeth City, N.C. on 22 October, 1901, to be transported for hire over the lines of the defendant, Norfolk-Southern Railroad Company, via Norfolk, Va., to Thomasville, N.C. on the Southern Railway. The defendants did not deny that certain parcels or packages of freight delivered to the Norfolk-Southern had not been delivered to the plaintiff on demand. Both defendants admitted that under the evidence, as it stood, each of them was liable to the plaintiff for damages, but contended that the amount was only $30.
¶2The following facts also appeared from the record: The goods were shipped on a released bill of lading, wherein they were valued at $5 per 100, with a freight rate approved by the Corporation Commission. The following were the approved rates on household goods calculated by 100 pounds to be carried 100 miles:
¶31. Unlimited in value and unreleased, classified as double first-class rate, 96 cents.
¶42. Unlimited in value, but released, first-class rate, 48 cents.
¶53. Limited in value to $5 per hundredweight, but unreleased, first-class rate, 48 cents.
¶64. Limited to $5 in value and released, fourth-class rate, 24 cents.
¶7The goods were shipped under the last-named classification and rate. The portion of goods lost weighed 600 pounds, which, according to the valuation specified in the bill of lading, would amount to $30. The jury found that the goods lost were worth $250. The question presented to the jury on the issue agreed upon was, What was the actual value of the goods lost by the defendant? The question submitted to the court under the admitted facts of the case and the verdict was, "Shall the plaintiff recover $250, the value of the articles lost as found by the jury, or $30, the value of the articles as specified in the bill of lading?" On the verdict, judgment was rendered in favor of the (70) plaintiff for $250, and the defendant excepted and appealed. *52 After stating the facts: It is the law of this State that a common carrier may relieve itself from liability as an insurer upon a contract reasonable in its terms and founded upon a valuable consideration; but it cannot so limit its responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its negligence. In Capehart v. R. R., 81 N.C. 438, Ashe, J., commencing on several decisions as to the right of a common carrier by contract to restrict its liability, thus sums up the matter: "That a common carrier, being an insurer against all loss and damage except those occurring from the act of God and the public enemy, may, by a special notice brought to the knowledge of the owner of goods delivered for transportation or by express contract, restrict its liability as an insurer where there is no negligence on its part. 2. That a common carrier cannot, even by contract, limit its responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its want of the due exercise of ordinary care." Elsewhere in the opinion it is held, as stated, that a contract restricting liability as an insurer must be for valuable consideration and reasonable in its terms.
¶8The defendant having received the goods for transportation as a common carrier and failed to deliver on demand, and also admitting both loss and responsibility, the law will presume such loss attributable to the defendant's negligence. Mitchell v. R. R., 124 N.C. 236;Hosiery Co. v. R. R., 131 N.C. 238; Parker v. R. R., 133 N.C. 335. This presumption of the law, arising from the facts proved and admitted, is confirmed by the statement that the goods were shipped released, that is, released from liability against which the defendants were (71) permitted to contract, to wit, loss occasioned otherwise than by their negligence.
¶9We have it, then, established that the defendants by their negligence as common carriers caused the loss of the plaintiff's household goods delivered to them for transportation, to the pecuniary value of $250; that by the valuation specified in the bill of lading the amount of the loss is limited to $30, and the question presented to the Court is, For which sum shall judgment be rendered? It is the law of this State, declared by repeated decisions, that common carriers are not permitted to contract against loss occasioned by their own negligence. They can contract neither for total nor for partial exemption from loss so occasioned. Capehart v. R.R., supra; Gardner v. R. R., 127 N.C. 293. The same doctrine is very generally accepted in other jurisdictions. It would be an idle thing for the courts to declare the principle that contracts for total exemption from such loss are subversive of public policy *53 and void, and, at the same time, permit and uphold a partial limitation which could avail to prevent anything like adequate and substantial recovery by the shipper. Therefore, it is held that any limitation of liability by contract designed for the purpose is forbidden. Hosiery Co. v.R. R., supra.
¶10In Gardner v. R. R., supra, it is said: "It is a well-settled rule of law, practically of universal acceptance, that for reasons of public policy a common carrier is not permitted even by express stipulation to exempt itself from loss occasioned by its own negligence." CitingSteam Co. v. Ins. Co., 129 U.S. 397, and numerous other decisions. It is further said: "The measure of such liability is necessarily the amount of the loss, and if the common carrier is permitted to stipulate that it shall be liable only for an amount greatly less than the value of the property so lost — that is, for only a small part of the loss — it is thereby exempted pro tanto from the results of its own negligence. Such a course, if permitted, would (72) practically evade the decisions of the courts and nullify the settled policy of the law."
¶11In Moulton v. R. R., 31 Minn. 89, it is said: "The same reasons which forbid that a common carrier should, even by express contract, be absolved from liability for its own negligence, stand also in the way of any arbitrary preadjustment of the measure of damages whereby the carrier is relieved from such liability. It would, indeed, be absurd to say that the requirement of the law as to such responsibility of the carrier is absolute and cannot be laid aside, even by the agreement of the parties, but that one-half or three-fourths of this burden, which the law compels the carrier to bear, may be laid aside by means of a contract limiting the recovery of damages to one-half or one-quarter of the known value of the property. This would be mere evasion, which would not be tolerated."
¶12In Express Co. v. Blackman, 28 Ohio St. 156, it is said: "To permit carriers to fix a limitation for the amount of their liability for negligence is, in effect, to permit them to exempt themselves from such liability."
¶13In Hutchison on Carriers, 250, the doctrine is thus stated: "A majority of the authorities in the United States hold that it is contrary to public policy to permit the carrier to stipulate for exemption from the effects of the negligence of himself or his servants, and it is also held by a majority of the courts that a contract limiting the liability of the carrier to a certain sum in case of loss, that is, contracts designed to secure a partial exemption from liability, while valid and conclusive where the loss is occasioned by something other than the carrier's negligence, cannot be allowed where the loss was occasioned by the negligence *54 of himself or his servant, but that in such case the owner may recover the full value of the goods."
¶14The defendants do not seriously contend that such is not the law of this State, nor do they controvert the position that they would (73) ordinarily be responsible for the amount of the loss established by the verdict of the jury. It is claimed by the defendants, how ever, that the amount of recovery against them could only be for $30, because the value to that amount was fixed under the rating established and sanctioned by the Corporation Commission. That the defendants are compelled to take the goods at that rate, and as they can only charge the rate, they should only be held to the valuation which is made the basis of the rate. This position is plausible, but not convincing.
¶15In the first place, it is fair to conclude that the Corporation Commission intended that this regulation should be in accordance with law, and that the valuation should only obtain in case of loss not arising from negligence. But if it were otherwise, the result would be the same. The Commission is authorized to make just and reasonable rates of freight, but it has no power to change the law nor to make a rate based upon any such idea; and if this regulation has the necessary effect of enabling the common carriers of the State in shipments of this kind to evade their responsibility for negligence, the conclusion is not that the law is thereby changed, but that the regulation itself is invalid.
¶16We are satisfied that in this instance both the Commission and the railroads were prompted by a laudable motive to afford shippers of small means a lower freight rate. But we cannot allow such consideration in a particular case to change the rule of law that we here uphold. It is one in which the entire public is interested, as well as the individual shipper, established and adhered to for grave and weighty reasons, and necessary for the protection of the great body of shippers. A principle so vital to the public interest should not be altered, or weakened, because, in a given instance, the motive is good and the particular result desirable. If this valuation entered as an essential element into the rate here contended for, and the result would enable carriers to (74) evade the law, the rate itself is invalid, and to that extent is not a binding regulation.
¶17There is a class of cases which permits the shipper and carrier to make an agreed valuation of goods delivered for transportation, and which, under certain circumstances, in case of loss, will hold the shipper to the agreed valuation, though this be less than the actual value and though the loss be occasioned by the carrier's negligence. In some jurisdictions contracts of this kind are not sanctioned in respect to loss occasioned by negligence. In others, such agreements are upheld where, the carrier being without knowledge or notice as to the true value, the parties agree *55 upon a valuation of the particular goods shipped, approximating the average value of ordinary goods of like kind, and make such valuation the basis of a just and reasonable shipping rate. In yet others, such agreements would seem to be upheld where the agreed valuation is known to be less than the actual value, provided the same are fairly entered into and made the basis of the shipping rate.
¶18But in none of these is the valuation relied upon in this bill of lading sanctioned or justified to the extent here claimed for it. So far as we can discover, all of them condemn an effort to limit liability for negligence by a uniform predetermined valuation arbitrarily fixed and placed in a printed bill of lading without any reference to the actual value of the property, and without any estimate made or attempted to value the property of the particular shipment, more especially where the difference between the stipulated and actual value is so pronounced that the evident purpose and necessary effect are to practically deny recovery for negligence.
¶19The better considered authorities, as far as we recall, forbid and condemn a limitation of liability for negligence under the circumstances here described. See Moulton v. R. R., supra; R. R. v. Keener, 93 Ga. 108;R. R. v. Wynn, 88 Tenn. 320; Willock v. R. R., 166 Pa., 184;Express Co. v. Blackman, supra. R. R., v. Keener was a case very much like the one we are now considering. In that case (75)Simmons, J., in delivering the opinion of the Court said: "Where a shipper enters into an express contract with a common carrier, by which he agrees in consideration of a reduced rate of freight that the carrier shall not be liable for more than a stated sum in case the goods shipped are lost while in the carrier's possession, the contract will be upheld as to loss not involving negligence on the part of the carrier, but carriers cannot by any special contract exempt themselves from liability for loss occasioned by their negligence; and this is so, as well where the contract provides for partial or limited exemption as where it contemplates total exemption from liability." After stating that under certain circumstances an agreed valuation will be upheld, Judge Simmons continues: "But the principle which relieves the carrier from liability for more than the agreed value does not apply where the valuation is merely arbitrary and fixed without reference to the real value of the goods, and this is understood by the carrier as well as the shipper. In the present case there is no inquiry on the part of the carrier as to the value of the goods, and it is clear that a valuation of $5 per 100 pounds for wearing apparel and household goods indiscriminately could not have been understood to represent their actual value. The contract in question was simply an attempt to limit the liability of the carrier without regard to the actual value of the property, and it follows from *56 what we have said that it was inoperative for that purpose, if the loss was occasioned by negligence on the part of the defendant. There being no explanation as to how the loss occurred, the presumption is that it resulted from the defendant's negligence."
¶20It is not claimed here that the carrier was misled or deceived in any way as to the kind or value of these goods. There is neither allegation nor issue addressed to any such question; and, as we understand (76) it, the defendants did not intend or desire to raise it. Some of the goods lost were perhaps not correctly classified as household goods, but the amount properly described as household goods was more than sufficient to justify the verdict. As a matter of fact, no inquiry was made about the value of the goods and no statement made concerning them one way or the other. The agent just classified them at the established rate and uniform valuation provided for by the regulation and printed in the bill of lading, and no effort was made to estimate or put any value on the goods of this particular shipment.
¶21The defendants rest their defense, and, as we understand, desired to rest it, on the sole ground that they received the goods at a rate and on a valuation established and sanctioned by the Corporation Commission, and claim that by virtue of such regulation the recovery is limited to $5 per 100 pounds, amounting in the goods lost to $30.
¶22We declare our opinion to be that the valuation does not restrict the liability of the carriers for losses arising from their negligence; and that the rules of the Corporation Commission could give it no such effect, even if so intended. The plaintiff is entitled to recover the full amount of his loss as declared by the verdict of the jury.
¶23The judgment of the court below is
¶24Affirmed.
¶25Cited: Summers v. R. R., post, 300; Marable v. R. R., 142 N.C. 562;McConnell v. R. R., 144 N.C. 90; Jones v. R. R., 148 N.C. 585, 587;Winslow v. R. R., 151 N.C. 254, 255; Stringfield v. R. R., 152 N.C. 128,129, 137, 8; Harden v. R. R., 157 N.C. 243, 248, 250; Mule Co. v. R.R., 160 N.C. 224, 247; Kime v. R. R., ib., 464; Horse Exchange v. R. R.,171 N.C. 72; Schloss v. R. R., ib., 353. *57
¶26(77)