IlII BE STATE· JNS. 00.
81
amount sufficient to restore to the general fund what has been taken from it; and therefore, I think, .there should be an order of the district court made requiring the stockholders to pay enough to meet all liabilities on contracts existing on the twelfth of January, 1871. The 12t per cent. assessed by the district court was ordered on reports made by the register, to whom various questions connected with this branch of the case were referred. He stated that the liability against the cOIIl,pany on the twelfth of January, 1871, on claims proved, was the sum of $164-,502.38, which he said had been reduced by the payment of the 40 per cent., as already stated. The 40 per c.ent. paid on these claims amounted.to $50,379.36; and it appears by his report, alld by the admission of the petitioners in an amendment which they have filed to their· petition, that a portion of the original debt has been expunged, thus reducing the amount due. In view of the various circumstances which have occurred since the order was'entered by the district court, it may be a question whether this court should direct the district conrt to make an assessment on the stockholders for any definite amount, or simply to instruct it to make an assessment sufficient to pay all the liability existing on the part of the stockholders for the debts due on the contract in force January 12, 1871, without crediting upon those debts the 40 per cent. that has been paid by the assignee. The order of the district court will, therefore, necessarily have to be changed, as it appears to have been made upon the assumption that the $50,379.36 was to be deducted from the amount specially due by the stockholders. It is, perhaps, only fair to state that the question which has been discussed in this court and now decided, does not seem to have been presented to the district court at the time the order was made which is now the subject of review. Subsequeutly the district court was directed to make an assessment of 25 per cent.; it appearing that amount would be necessary to meet the deficiency.
89
IEDBRAL BEPOBTEB.
DALLINGER
v: RAPELLO. October 18, 1882.)
(Ctrcuit Oourt, D. Massachu8etts.
TAXATION-PERSONAL PROPERTY OF NON-RESIDENTS-EXECUTOR-MASS. GEN.
ST. c. 12, § 20. Personal property of a deceased inhabitant of Massachusetts is not taxable under Gen. St. c. 12, § 20, after the appointment of an executor and before dis. tribution, when the property is not w;thin the commonwealth, and neither the executor, nor any person having an interest in or right to receive the property, has a domicile or residence there.
Action of contract, brought in the superior court for the county of Middlesex and commonwealth of Massachusetts, under Gen. St. c. 12, § 20, by the collector of taxes of the city of Cambridge, against the executor of the will of Francis Sumner, to recover taxes assessed upon the defendant by the' assessors of that city. The declaration alleged that Sumner, who last dwelt in Cambridge, died in February, 1878, leaving a large taxable estate in personal property, and a will, which was duly admitted to probate in the county of Middlesex, and the defendant there appointed executor, in February, 1879; that the defendant proceeded to act as such executor, and had never given notice to the assessors of Cambridge that the estate had been distributed and paid to the parties interested therein; that the taxes sought to be recovered were assessed upon the defendant, 8S such executor, on the first days of May in 1879, 1880, and 1881, respect. ively; that in August of each year a warrant for their collection was duly committed by the assessors to the plaintiff, and he demanded payment of the defendant, but the defendant wholly r·efused to pay the taxes or any part thereof; whereby the defendant owed the plaintiff the amount of the taxes. The defendant, having removed the case into this court, demurred to the declaration, because it set forth no legal cause of actibn substantially in accordance with the rules contained in the practice act of Massachusetts, and because it did not allege that the defendant, at the times of the assessments of the taxes upon him, was an inhabitant of Massachusetts, or of any city or town therein. L. S. Dabney, for defendant. J. W. Hammond, for plaintiff. Before GRAY and LOWELL, JJ. GRAY, Justice. The declaration does not that the testator left, or that his exec ltor holds, any personal property situated within the commonwealth of Massachusetts, or taxable therein, or that the
DALLINGEB f1. BAPELLO.
83
executor, or any legatee, distributee, or creditor is an inhabitant thereof. The allegation that the taxes were "duly assessed" shows only that they were assessed in proper form. And the final allegation, that the defendant owes the plaintiff the amount of the taxes, is a mere conclusion of law, which is not admitted by the demurrer. The taxes sued for are not of the nature of legacy or succession taxes, as in the cases of Mager v. Grima, 8 How. 490, and of U. S. v. Hunnewell, decided by this court at the present term. 1 But they are annual taxes, assessed under the general tax acts of Massachusetts. The case, therefore, directly presents the question whether personal property of a deceased inhabitant of Massachusetts is taxable, under those acts, after the appointment of an executor, and before distribution, when the property is not within the commonwealth, and r,J.either the executor, nor any person having an interest in or right to receive the property, has a domicile or residence here. This question does not appear to have been decided by the supreme judicial court of Massachusetts. But the rules established by the constitv. tion and the statutes of the commonwealth, as expounded by that court, afford satisfactory guides for its determination. The power conferred by the constitution upon the legislature is "to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, rates, and taxes upon all the inhabitants of, and persons resident and estates lying within, the said commonwealth. Const. Mass. c. 1, § 1, art. 4. And no case has been brought to our notice in which personal property, not itself within the state, and the present owners of which do not reside within the state, has been held to be taxable here. The right to tax is created and limited by the constitution, and by the acts passed by the legislature pursuant to the authority thereby conferred; and such acts are not to be extended by doubtful interpretation, but are to be restricted to cases coming clearly within their language and their intent. Sewall v. Jones, 9 Pick. 412, 414; Green v. Holway, 101 Mass. 243,248. When the owner of the legal title in personal property resides out of the state, express and unequivocal words are needed to subject the property, even if itself situated or used here, to the provisions of the general tax acts. Flanders v. Cross, 10 Cush. 514; Dorr v. Boston, 6 Gray, 131; Leonard v. New Bedford, 16 Gray, 292. By Gen. St. c. 11, § 12, it is enacted that "all personal estate, within or without the state, shall be assessed to the owner in the city all or town where he is an inhabitant on the first day of May, v.14,no.1-3 "13 Fed. 617.
34:,
, FEDERAL, aEPORTl!lR.
follows." The first and third clauses of this section, providing for the taxation of siock in trade in the place in which it is employed, and of horses and cattle in the place in which they are kept, other than where the owners reside, carefully adds the words "whether such owners reside within or without this state." The second clause of the same section, which contains no such words, but which directs "all machinery employed in any branch of manufactures, and belonging to a person or corporation," to be assessed where it is situated or employed, and the value of such machinery owned by corporations to be deducted from the value of the shares, before assessing a tax on these to the stockholders, has bean adjudged t-o have no application to a corporation established in another state. Blackstone Manuf'g Co. v. Blackstone, 13 Gray, 488; Dwight v. Boston, 12 Allen, 316. In the case of personal property of persons under guardianship, provision is made by the fourth clause for taxing it at the home of the ward, and if that is without the state, then to the guardian at his own home,clearly implying that when both reside abroad the property is not taxable in this state, even if situated here. So, by the fifth clause, personal property held in trust by an executor, administrator, or trustee, the income of which is payable to another person, can only be taxed at the residence of the trustee or at the residence of the cestui que trust; if both reside within the state, to the trustee at the residence of the ccstni que trust; if only one of them resides within the state, to that one in the place where he resides. See, also, Hardy v. Yarmouth, 6 Allen, 277. The seventh clause of Gen. St. c. 11, § 12, provides as follows: .. The personal estate of deceased persons shall be ass,essed in the place where the deceased last dwelt. After the appointment of an executor or administrator, it shall be assessed to such executor or administrator until he gives notice tq the assessors that the estate has been distributed and paid over to the parties interested therein. Before such appointment, it shall be in general terms to the estate of the deceased."
And by the further provisions of this clause, and of section 20 of chapter 12, (under which this action is brought,) the executor or administrator is liable, in an action of contract, as well for the taxes so assessed before his appointment, as for those assessed upon him afterwards. By the statute of 1878, c. 189, § 2, personal property held by an executor or administrator is taxable according to the provisions of Gen. St. c. 11, § 12, c1. 7, for the space of three yeal'B afteI' his appointment, unless it has been distributed, and notice of its distribution has been given to the assessors, "stating the names, resi-
DALLINGER V. RAPELLO.
85
dence, and the amount paid to the several parties interested in the el3tate who are residents of the commonwealth;" and after the three years the property, whether it has been distributed or not, is to be assessed according to the provisions of Gen. St. c. 11, § 12, c1. 5. It is argued by the learned counsel for the plaintiff that until the property is distributed, or until three years after the appointment of the executor have elapsed, the property is to be treated as situated in the place in which its late owner resided, and in which the executor is required by law to account for it. But upon deliberate consideration ·of the seventh clause of chapter 11, § 12, of the General Statutes, in connection with the other provisions of the same chapter, we are unable to find any evidence that the in framing this clause, contemplated a case in which the property is itself of the state, and is held by an executor or administrator residing out of the state. The provision, first introduced in those statutes, permitting the tax, before the appointment of an executor or administrator, to be assessed generally to the estate of the deceased where he last dwelt, appears to have been intended to prevent the personal property from escaping taxation altogether before such appointment, and not to extend the liability of the executor or administrator for taxes assessed after his appointment. See Cook v. Leland, 5 Pick. 286 j Wood v. Torrey, 97 Mass. 821. And it is so contrary to the policy of the commonwealth, as declared by its constitution, and oy the decisions of its highest court, to impose a tax on personal property which has an owner, and which is not itself situated or used within the state, and in which no person residing here has either legal title or beneficial interest, that we cannot infer an intention to do so without more explicit words in f;he tax act. This view being decisive of the case, it 'is unnecessary to consider the graver question, argued at the bar, whether it is within the constitutional power of the legislature to impose an annual tax under such cil'cumstances. Demurrer sustained. TAXATION OF NON-REllIDENTS. Unless restrained by provisions of the federal constitution, the power of the state as to the mode, form, and extent of taxation is unlimited, where the subjectR to which it applies are within its jurisdiction. (a) The power of the state as to the mode, form, -and extent of taxation is unlimited where the subjects of taxation are within its jUrisdiction.(b) While revenue laws have no extraterritolial force, they may reach (a) Slate Tax on Foreign Held Bonde, 16 Wall.
800.
(.) Stote Tax on Foreign Held Bonde, 15 WaH. 319; Oliver T. WashInilOn 11 Allen. 265.
86
FEDERAL REPORTER.
all property within the state, without reference to the residence of the owner. (c) The state may provide for the taxation of the personal property of a non-resident situated within its jUrisdiction.(d) An alien may be taxed as well as a citizen.(e) The right to tax a person results from the protection afforded himself, his business, or his property.(j) Personal property of a non-resident, which has a locus within the state, is taxable.(g) .A. statute "all personal property," means all personal property within the state, irrespective of ownership,(h) as a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, or a stock of goods.(i) 'fhe real estate of a non-resident is taxable where it is located.(j) Personalty owned by a non-resident is taxable where he resides.(k) A personlll tax cannot be assessed against a non-resident.(l) Non-residents may be taxed on property where situated, and on business where carried on.(m) A statute which provides that non-residents" doing business" in the state shall be taxed on sums invested" in business," does not apply to a manufactured article sent for sale by the aj:{ent.(n) The business of a non-resident carried on within the state may be taxed.(o) A private banker, for the purposes of taxation, is to be regarded as resident where the bank is located.(p) Members of a partnership are severally taxable where they reside.(q) SITUS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. Debts due to a non-resident are not property of the debtor, and have no situS but the residence of the owner.(r) A person cannot be assessed on capital invested in another state, or on chattels upon land in another state.(s) So the personal property of a non-resident is not taxable at his temporary summer residence within the state.(t) Stocks of a foreign corporation follow the'situs of the owner.(u) Shares of stock in corporations may be taxed at the place where the business is carried on.('/» Steam-boats which ply between different points on a navigable river may, under a state statute, be taxed as personal property where the company own(c) Arapahoe Co. v. Cutter, 3 Colo. 350. (d) Green v. Van Bn8kirk, 7 Walt. 150; People v.1ns, Co.1!9 Cal. 533,; M;\ls v. Thornton, 26 l\l. 200; Rieman v. Shepard, 27 Ind. 28S; State V. Falkenbnl'g, 15 N. J. 3'20; Howell v. State, 3 Gill, 14; Blackstone Manuf'g Co. v. Blackstone, 13 Gray, 48S; Leonard v. New BetJrord, 16 Gray, 292; Hartland v. Church, 47 Me. Desmond v. .Machias,48 Me.478; St. Louis v. Ferry Co. 40 Me. 5SO; Hoyt ,v. Com'rs, 23 N. Y.224; Peoplev. Og. den,bllrg, 48 N. Y. 3)0; Wilson v. New York, 4 E. D. Smith, 675; Hood's E,tste, 21 Pa. St. 114; Maltby v. Reading R. Co. 52 Pa. St. 140; Steere V. Walling, 7 R. 1. 3li ; Catlin v. Hull, 21 vt. 152. (0) Witherspoon v. Duncan, 4 Wall. 210. (f) De PallW v. New Albany, 22 Ind. 204; Bank ofU. S. V. State, 12 Smedes & M. 456; Eggleston v. Charleston, 1 Const. S. C. 45. (g) Arapahoe CO. V. Cntter, 3 Colo. 350; Catlin v. Hull, 21 Vt.152; Duer v. Small, 17 How. Pro . (11) McCutchen v. Rice Co. 2 McCrary, 337; Ogilvie v. Crawford Co. 2 McCrary, 148. (i) Arapahoe Co. v. Cuttel', 3 Colo. 350. (j) Witherspoon v. Dnncan. 4 Wall. 210; Joneg v. Columbns, 25 Ga. 610; Tnrner v. Burlington, 16 Mass. 208. (k) Com. v. Hays, 8 B.1\10n.2. (I) Herriman v. Stowers,43 Me. 497; Dow V. Sudbury, 5 Mete. 73; St. Paul v. Merritt, 7 Minn. 258; People V. Snp'rs, 11 N. Y. 563. (m) Corfield v. Coryell, 4 Wash. C. C. 380; Pad. elford v. The Mayor, 14 Ga. 438; Pearce v Augusta, 37 Ga. 697; Harrison v. Vicksburg, 3 Smedes &M. 581; Worth v. Fayetteville, 1 Winst. 70; State v. Charleston, 2Speers, 623; Shrlverv.Pittsburgb, 66 Pa. St. 446. . (n) Parker Mills v. Com'rs,23 N. Y. 242. (0) Corlleld v. Coryell, 4 Wash. C. C. 371; Padelford v. Savannah, 14 Ga. 438; Pearce v. An. gnsta. 37Ga. 597; Harrison v. Vicksburg, 3 Smedes & M. 681; State v. Chal'1e8tou, 2 Speers, 623; Shriver v. Pitt.burgh, 65 Pa. St. 446; Worth v. Fayetteville, 1 Winst. 70. (p) Bates v. Mobile, 46 Ala. 158; Miner v. Fre. donia,27 N. Y. 155; Gardner, etc., Co. v. Gard_ ner,5 Me. 133. (q) Bemis v. Boston, 14 Allen,366. See Hoadley v. Com'ro, 10·; Mass. 519. (r) Arapahoe Co. v. Cntter, 3 Colo. 350. (0) People v. Com'rs, 23 N. Y. 224. (t) Phelps v. Thur8ton, 47 Conn. 477. (u) McKeen v. Northampton Co. 49 Pa. St. 519; Whitsell v. Northampton Co. Id. 526. (It' Tappan v. Merchants' Nat. Bank, 19 Wall. 490.
201.
DALLINGEB V. BAPELLO.
37
iog it has its principal ornce.(w) Ferry-boats owned in another state are not taxable.(x) A vessel rAgistered in New York and plying between Panama and San Francisco is not taxable in California.(y) TRUST PIWPERTY. Property held in trust should be assessed to the trustee where he resides.(z) If there are two trustees, one-half may be assessed to each,(a) without regard to the cestui que t1'usts.(b) Where one executor resides within the state and transacts business to the estate, and the other resides abroad, the residence of the former determines the situs of the chases in action belonging to the estate.(c) Trust property under direction of the court is taxable 1:1 the jurisdiction having control of it. (d) An assessment against the personalty of an estate may be made a personal charge against the executor or guardian.(e) As to personalty of distribiltees of an estate in the hands of a trustee.(f) Money due on a land contract in the hands of an agent is taxable.(g) INTANGIBLE PIWPERTY. Intangible property, not growing .out of real estate, follows the person of the owner.(h) Where the domicile of the owner of chases in action upon which taxes were paid (under protest) was in another state, they do not constitute property within this state, and are not subject to taxation here.(i) Although the situs of real estate, by which debts are secured, is within the state, tbe trust deeds are mere incidents-choses in actions attached to the owner.(j) 'l'he situs of a bond is the residence of the owner, wherever the obligor may reside.(k) Its locality does not depend npon the place of the written evidence of the ownership.(l) So of a promissory note secured by a bond deed.(m) PROPERTY IN TRANSIT. A state cannot levy a tax upon property in transit to other states.(n) Such property has no ,dtU8 in the state,in the proper legal sense of that word.(o) The personal property of one who had been a resident of the state, but who was in itinere, on the day for the levy of taxes, for the purpose of removing to another state, is SUbject to taxation. ( p) One who has left the town of his residence without the intention of returning, is, nevertheless, taxable there, while he remains in the commonwealth, until he has (tD) Transp. Co. v. Whetlng, 99 U. S. 213. ("') St. Louis v. Ferry Co. 11 Wall. 423; Morgan v. Parham, 16 Wall. 471. (y) Hays v. Pacific M. S. 00.17 How. 696; State v. Haight, 30 N. J. 428; People v. Com'rs, 11 Alb. Law J. 401. (z) Hardy v. Yarmonth, 6 AlIen,277; Baltimore v. Sterling, 29 Md. 4S; People v. Assessors, 40 N. Y. 154; State v. Matthews, 10 Ohio St. 437; Car. lisle v. Marshall, 36 Pa. St. 397. (0;) State v. Matthews, 10 Ohio. St. 437; llaltl. more v. Sterllng, 29 Md. 48. (b) People v. Assessors, 40 N. y. 154. (c) Johnson v. Oregon City, 3 Or. 13. (d) Lewis v. Chester Co. 60 Pa. St. 325. (e) Wllliams v. Holden, 4 Wend. 223; Payson v. Tnfts, 13 Mass. 493. (f) See U. S. v. Hunnewell, 13 Fed. Rep. 617, 618; note.
(IS) People v. Ogdenshurg.4S N. Y.3aO; Sup'rs V. Davenport, 40 111.197. (h) Johnsou v. Oregon City, 3 Or. 13.
(i) Railroad Co. v. Pennsylvania, 15 Wall. 300; Davenport City v. Mississippi & M, R. R. Co. 12 Iowa, 539: Augnsta City v. Dnnbar, 60 Ga. 393; People v. Eastman,25 Cal. 601; Hayne V. De. llesseline,3 McCord, 373; Johnson v. LeXington Clty,14 B. Mon. 621; Arapahoe Co. v. Cutter, 3 Colo. 349. (j) Arapahoe Co. v. Cutter, 3 Colo. 350. (k) Hayne V. Dellesseline, 3 McCord. 374; An. gusta v. Dnnbar, 50 Ga. 387. See Harper v. Com'rs, 23 Ga. 666; Bridges v. Griffin, 33 Ga. 113. (I) Johnson v. Oregon City, 3 Or. 13. (m) Arapahoe Co. v. Cntter, 3 Colo. 349. (n) McCutcheon v. Rice Co. 2 McCrary, 337. (0) McCutcheon v. Rice Co. 2 McCrary, 337. (1') McCutcbeon v. Rice Co. 2 McCrary, 337.
