majority">Birch, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

The defendants were indicted for a conspiracy and confederation to cheat and defraud one Simpson ot five half pipes of brandy, upon the trial of which one of them was acquitted and the other four convicted. In the course of Simpson’s examination as a witness for the State, the court was verbally requested to instruct the jury that the declarations of Fitzgerald (which the witness was detailing) were not evidence against the other defendants, who were not present at the time, to which the State replied that it would not be claimed as evidence unless a combination was shown. “ The testimony was admitted” by the court, on the ground that if no concert and combination was shown among the defendants, the instruction would at the proper time be,given to the jury. This the defendants excepted to, and rely upon as error.

As in cases of this nature it is laid down as being at least within the discretion of the court to permit such an invasion oí the more usual method of introducing such declarations as those complained of, as may promote the convenience of the examination, and thus facilitate the ultimate elicitation of all the facts which may be received and acted upon as testimony, the court is rather to be commended than otherwise for having, in the case before us, reserved its instructions until all the facts were before it.

Amongst the instructions then given, one was, “that the declarations of Fitzgerald, or any other person, not made in the presence of, or acquiesced in by other defendants, is no evidence against such absent defendants, until concert and connexion is established between the defendants to obtain the property,” &c. This, it seems to us, was at least a sufficiently lenient declaration of the law, leaving the issue upon the alleged conspiracy, to be found by the jury upon other at least concurring testimony, and that unless or “ until” they so found that fact, (at least presumptively) the declarations of Fitzgerald could not be evidence against his alleged confederates. The rule is, that when the ag->>regate of the testimony is such that declarations like those complained of may be regarded in the nature of concurring acts, in the course of a conspiracy otherwise presumptively established, they may be permitted to enter into the estimate and finding of the jury, but not “until” then; and as it would be unreasonable to suppose that the jury could have understood the instruction in a stronger sense than that, the verdict and judgment should not be disturbed for any error alleged in that respect.

We find in the record that previous to the day of the trial,,a motion *416was filed in behalf of two of the defendants (Thomas and Ward) to permit them to sever in their defence, and that it was overruled. Subsequently, upon the trial, after the testimony was closed, the counsel of the defendants asked that the jury be permitted to pass upon the casc-of Ward, for the purpose of using him as a- witness for his co-defendants, and this, also, was refused. As Ward was acquitted, and is not a party to the appeal here, the action of the court in its final refusal to let his case bo passed upon seperately, with a view of using him as a witness for the others is all that need be now considered. Indeed, according to one view of the case, much the same discretion should be exercised by the criminal judge in the one case as in the other, the only object in view (here to be considered) being the same in both cases.

It was laid down in Bedder’s case (1 Sid. 237; Hank. P. C. b. 2, C. 46, sec. 98) that such of the defendants in an information against whom no evidence has been given may be witnesses for the others ; and in Frazer’s case (1 McMal. 56) the practice was established to apply to the court, in such cases, to permit the issue as to the intended witness, to go immediately to the jury, and if found not guilty that he would be a competent witness. This is believed to have been the limit, under the English practice, in cases of persons jointly indicted as these were. In a case not strictly analogous, (Brown vs. Burrus, 8 Mo. 26) our own court signified that the practice should be extended to cases where there was but “slight evidence.”

The case before us falls within neither of these designations. Ward was introduced to Simpson by Fitzgerald and Thomas, and the three introduced their intended and ultimate victim to another person, who readily offered to buy, as Ward and the others had previously done, but (like ail the rest) had no money. How Ward came to be apparently dropped, or at least to keep out of sight during the subsequent and closing scenes of the swindle, is left to inference alone, and that inference (it is but too apparent) was anything but favorable to his fitness as a witness. His part of the conspiracy may fyave been to know just enough about the transaction and the parties to swear his confederates clear. At all events, and notwithstanding his acquittal, this court does not disapprove the discretion and the firmness whi.ch was exercised by the criminal judge, in resisting all the steps which were resorted to with a view of qualifying him as a witness.

Concurring the refusal of the court to permit the defendant, Thomas, to sever upon the trial, the objection is sufficiently answered in the brief which has heen filed for the State. It is also considered that the State-has prop arly enough replied to the objection which has been raised con**417earring what was read from the preliminary examination before the justice, so that whether the offence of conspiracy to cheat and defraud a citizen is merged by successfully carrying that conspiracy into effect, is all that remains to be here considered. As the first count in the indictment charges both offences, (if indeed the latter be a distinct of-fence, instead of the consummation or evidence of one,) it might be sufficient to reply that the jury found the defendants guilty of the former only. The better answer is, however, that as the offence of cheating is but a misdemeanor at common law, and as our statute is otherwise silent upon the subject, the conspiracy and the consummation of it iiiv this case are, at the worst, but offences of the same general grade, if» reference to which there can be no legal merger. 4 Wend. 265.

Upon the whole case, therefore, the judgment of the criminal court is affirmed.

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