majority"> Per Curiam.

Defendant was convicted of two counts of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, after a jury trial in September, 1983. Defendant was sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 60 to 100 years, with a recommendation of no parole. Defendant appeals to this Court as of right.

Defendant’s first claim is that the trial court erred in finding the defendant competent to represent himself. A criminal defendant’s right to proceed in propria persona is guaranteed by the Michigan Const 1963, art 1, § 13 and by MCL 763.1; MSA 28.854. The right to self-representation is implicitly guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Faretta v California, 422 US 806; 95 S Ct 2525; 45 L Ed 2d 562 (1975). However, this right is not absolute. In People v Anderson, 398 Mich 361, 367-368; 247 NW2d 857 (1976), the Court listed three requirements to be considered when a defendant asks to proceed in propria persona: (1) the request must be unequivocal; (2) the defendant must act knowingly, *163 intelligently and voluntarily; and (3) defendant’s self-representation will not disrupt, unduly inconvenience and burden the court and the administration of the court’s business.

The first and third requirements were clearly met in this case. The issue is whether defendant’s waiver was knowing, intelligent and voluntary. The defendant must be aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation. The record should show that he knows what he is doing and that his choice was a fully informed one. People v Holcomb, 395 Mich 326, 337; 235 NW2d 343 (1975); Faretta v California, supra. There are no exact guidelines regarding what warnings should be given to a defendant who wishes to proceed in propria persona. In this case, after prompting by the prosecutor, the judge asked the defendant if he understood the charges and possible penalties, if he still wanted to represent himself and whether he wanted the assistance of standby counsel. The trial judge commented on the defendant’s ability to conduct his own defense stating:

"[Defendant,] to me, is an intelligent man and he speaks very eloquently and he seems to know what he’s doing as far as this court is concerned. He might not think exactly the way we think about handling something, but he knows what he is doing as far as I’m concerned and I don’t think there’s anything wrong with him mentally. I think he’s a sharp intelligent individual * * *.”

Furthermore, we note that the trial court complied with GCR 1963, 785.4(3) by informing the defendant of his right to counsel at no cost to himself. The record clearly reflects it was defendant’s choice to proceed in propria persona.

The choice was unequivocally made by defendant against the advice of the court and able trial *164 counsel. Defendant was assisted by appointed counsel acting in a standby capacity. We find no error in the trial court’s decision to allow defendant to proceed in propria persona.

Defendant also claims that errors he made in the course of his self-representation deprived him of effective assistance of counsel. This argument is foreclosed to defendant. In Faretta, supra, the United States Supreme Court stated:

"The right of self-representation is not a license to abuse the dignity of the courtroom. Neither is it a license not to comply with relevant rules of procedural and substantive law. Thus, whatever else may or may not be open to him on appeal, a defendant who elects to represent himself cannot thereafter complain that the quality of his own defense amounted to a denial of 'effective assistance of counsel’.” Faretta, 422 US 835, fn 46.

Defendant also claims that the trial judge erred by not instructing sua sponte on lesser-included offenses. Defendant specifically declined such instructions even though standby counsel urged him to request them. Defendant relies on People v Jenkins, 395 Mich 440; 236 NW2d 503 (1975), which held that the trial court must instruct a jury on the lesser-included offense of second-degree murder in cases where the defendant is charged with first-degree murder. This is the only exception to the rule requiring that a request must be made for instructions on lesser-included offenses. People v Kamin, 405 Mich 482, 493, fn 1; 275 NW2d 777 (1979); People v Stephens, 416 Mich 252, 261; 330 NW2d 675 (1982). Reviewing courts in this state have expressly declined to expand the Jenkins rule to include other offenses. People v Johnson, 409 Mich 552, 562; 297 NW2d 115 (1980); People v Casey, 120 Mich App 690, 697; 327 NW2d *165 337 (1982). The trial court did not err by not instructing on lesser-included offenses on its own motion.

Finally, defendant claims that there was no evidence that he was armed and the jury was improperly instructed on the "armed” element of armed robbery. The complainant testified that defendant held his hand in his pocket in such a way that it was believed that he had a gun. A number of cases have held that a concealed hand, held in such a manner as to resemble a pistol, may satisfy the "armed” element of armed robbery. People v Jury, 3 Mich App 427; 142 NW2d 910 (1966); People v Washington, 4 Mich App 453, 455-456; 145 NW2d 292 (1966), lv den 379 Mich 783 (1967) . Defendant claims, however, that People v Saenz, 411 Mich 454; 307 NW2d 675 (1981), and People v Parker, 417 Mich 556; 339 NW2d 455 (1983), cert den — US —; 104 S Ct 2180; 80 L Ed 2d 561 (1984), preclude conviction based on a reasonable belief that defendant was armed. In both of those cases there was no evidence that the victims saw a weapon or another item fashioned to simulate a weapon. The Court ruled that it was error to instruct the jury that it could convict merely on the victims’ reasonable belief that the defendant was armed. Parker, supra, and Saenz, supra, require more than a belief that the defendant was armed in order to convict.

In this case the trial court gave the instruction provided in CJI 18:1:01(4), which repeats the language of the statute. That instruction requires that, in order to satisfy the "armed” element of the offense, the jury must find that the defendant was in fact armed with a dangerous weapon or that the defendant used an item fashioned to simulate a dangerous weapon. This instruction is more than the "merely reasonable belief’ instruc *166 tion that the Court disapproved of in Parker and Saenz. Since the instruction did not state the erroneous standard at issue in those cases, there was no error.

Defendant’s convictions are affirmed.

Citation profile

How this case has been treated — in progress