¶1Section 2 of the Pub. Sts. e. 98, which forbids keeping open one’s shop on the Lord’s day, or doing “ any manner of labor, business, or work, except works of necessity and charity,” was amended by the St. of 1886, c. 82, which provides that “ this section shall not apply to sales by bakers, between the hours of six and ten o’clock in the forenoon and four and half-past six o’clock in the afternoon, of bread and other articles of food usually dealt in by them.”
¶2The refusal of the judge to rule as requested, taken in connection with his instruction to the jury, that, “ if they believed the testimony of the defendant to be true, they might return a verdict of guilty,” we understand to have been merely a refusal to leave the jury uninstructed as to the meaning of the word “ baker ” as used in the statute, and not an interference with *432their right to pass upon all the questions at issue between the parties.
¶3In this view, the only question in the case is whether, upon the defendant’s own testimony, he was a baker, within the meaning of the amendment. There is nothing to indicate that this word is used in any other than its ordinary signification. A baker is one whose occupation is to bake bread and other articles of food. The statute which we are considering may be presumed to have been founded upon the desirability and propriety of permitting freshly cooked food to be obtained on the Lord’s day, as well from the shop of the manufacturer as from the kitchen of the householder. That the interval may be short between the preparation of the food and the appearance of it on the table of the consumer, the baker is permitted to do his work, and deliver his viands, on the Lord’s day. But this reason does not apply to sales of provisions which do not require preparation by the dealer for the immediate use of the purchaser. We cannot believe that the Legislature intended to include in the exception of the amendment all persons who deal in the products of bakeries. Such a construction of the statute would allow a large proportion of the grocers and provision dealers of the Commonwealth to open their shops every Lord’s day.
¶4The defendant was not a baker in any sense. He kept a shop for the purpose of selling groceries, fancy articles, bread, pastry, and milk. He did not make or cause to be made the bread and pastry which he sold, but bought it from time to time from other persons. The fact that he had a small stove in the rear part of his shop, in which his wife sometimes baked a few cookies and ginger-snaps, which he placed in his show-cases and sold with the bread and pastry, was not of such importance as to characterize his business, or warrant the jury in finding that he was a baker. Exceptions overruled.