FEDERAL REPORTER.
against drawing from it any necessary inference of an unlawful use of the mail since that time by him, or any intent to concoct or conceive a scheme or device to defraud. But you will give just such weight to the fact as tending to show the character of his business at the time to which the present information relates, as yon think in justice you ought. And of course it will also be proper for you to consider the statements of the defendant in regard to his pleading guilty to that charge, that he did it to save expense, and so forth. Of course, a person charged with crime might plead guilty, and suffer a conviction, when he fully believes himself innocent. Whether the defendant did so or not it will be proper for the jury to consider in . this part of the case. After full and faithful consideration of all the facts in the case, it will be for you to say how you are reasonably convinced. What impression does the evidence, taken as a whole, make upon your mind? It is incumbent on the prosecution to satisfy you of the guilt of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt. The government does not expect or desire a conviction at, your hands, unless you are fully oonvinced of the defendant's guilt. On the other hand, if you are so convinced, you should follow your convictions and return a verdict of guilty. The further responsibility of the case lies with you, and I have full confidence that you will give it that judicious consideration which both parties are entitled to at your bands, and render a verdict which shall satisfy your best convictions and the evidence in the case.
COBURN
and another v.
CLARK.'"
(Oircuit Court, E. D. Missouri. March 12, 1883.) L PATENTS-EFFECT OF DECISI0NS AS TO VALIDITy-PRELIMINARY INJUNCTI0N.
Where a motion is made for a preliminary injunction for an alleged infringement of a patent, which has been held valid without collusion in a contested patent case, the vahdity of the patent willlJe considered settled for the purposes of the motion. 2. SAME.
Where, however, the decision does not show what claims were held valid, nor what would be an infringement, the following questions are left open, viz.: (1) What are the contrivances covered by the patent Y (2) Has the defendant infringed the same 7 "Reported by B. F. Rex, Esq.· of the St. Louis bar.
COBURN V. CLARK.·
8{)5
Motion for a preliminary injunetion to restrain the defendant from infringing two letters patent of the United States, one being for an "improvement in cases for transporting eggs," and the other for an "improvement in egg-boxes." The first of said patents contains two and the other three claims. Overall cf ,Judson, for complainants. John M. and Oh. Krum, for defendant. TREAT, J.. It is unadvisable on a preliminary motion to express an opinion concerning the merits of a controversy to be determined at final hearing. It seems that the United States circuit court of the southern distrlct of New York has held, on final hearing in a case before it, that plaintiffs' patents are valid, the decree iIi which case is for the purposes of this motion to be eonsidered conclusive. It also appears that Judge MCCRARY, of this circuit, acting upon sllch a.djudication, and possibly other matters presented, has awarded preliminary injunctions. Under such rulings nothing remains but to grant similar orders, provided the alleged infringements are the same, substantially or colorably. . It has been the course of proceedings here for more than 20 years, and elsewhere, to accept a decision in a patent case, when mt:Lde on the merits, without collusion or on mere default,as an adequate hasis for a preliminary injunction, so far as the validity of the patents is involved; leaving open for inquiry on sueh motion solely the question of infringement. Under the rules governing'such motions the decisions upholding the Stevens and Bryant patents must control. But what are those that is, what do they cover? His very easy to grant an order perfunctorily that defendant shall not infringe plaintiff's patents; but such a perfunctory order leaves open the whole subject of controversy. The defendant may deny an infringement, and, consequently, if his course of business does not infringe, what effect has the order? He is enjoined not to do what he has not done and what he does not propose to do. Hence the injunction order in such form would be a mere brutum fulmen. It is, therefore, essential to ascertain whether the defendant has prima facie infringed a valid patent, for the complainant has no right to drag into a court of equity as It defendant one who is not answerable to equitable proeeedings. The defendant has a right to stand on his denials. The primary inquiry is, the patents being considered valid, on what construction thereof plaintiff's rights are based. For the pur-
806
poses of investigation the patents must be considered valid,but,therereJ:l),ains the question as to the true construction of the patents; i.e., for what devices were the patents lawfully granted. It is to be noted that there has been, at least as to one of the patents, a disclaimer and a reissue, from which the matter patented has to be determined. It is not proposed now to go behind the decision made in the southern district of New York (which settled nothing definitely as to what was really patented) which hold the patents valid. Nor is it proper to consider otherwise than as authoritative the interlocutory views of Judge MCURARY, in this circuit, upon the patents in question. Hence there remain only two propositions to be considered: what are the contrivances covered by the patents? Second, has the defendant. infringed the same? It is held, for the purposes of this motion, that the plaintiffs have an exclusive right to the combination of more than two trays ina case; and also to the intel'1ocked form of the separated trays. The injunction order will go against the infringement of said combination, and also of the construction of said interlocked form of trays. There are many suggestions proper concerning interlocutory orders in cases of this kind, which, if made, might be considered not in accord with the views expressed by many nisi prittS courts, but which ought to be weighed more fully than has heretofore been done. For instance, a court in final hearing may decide a patent valid, which patent contains many claims, and the construction of which patent, as to one or many of the claims, is not disclosed, especially as to the alleged infringement of one or more of said claims. Is it to be taken for granted that the court held the patent valid as to each and every claim, when possibly the alleged infringement was as to one of the claims alone, and that claim was alone under consideration? The cases now before the court are illustrative. Here are various patents,-one for combinations and another for mechanical devices. The patents have been held valid; but as to what? What construction has been given to the respective patents, and as to what alleged infringement? What shall now be held as concluded for the purpose of the present motions, unless it is disclosed what some other court decided in respect to each of the essential matters pertaining thereto? These questions are complex, .and not perfunctory. An examination of the cases cited with regard to the very patents in question furnish very little light with regard to the subjects now in dispute.
COBURN V. CLA.RK.'
807
A more seaching inquiry is needed for preliminary injunctions than a mere perfunctory order, covering, in an indefinite manner possibly, all the claims of a patent, and all possible infringements of valid or invalid claims, when it is impossible to determine from a final decree what was in detail decided. , The true rule should require it to be ·shown what claim was held to be valid; the validity of that specific claim having been brought into question. It ·may be that the court,on final hearing passed on only one of many claims, and that the alleged infringement in such a case pertained only to that specific claim. Howis it as to other claims on which no decision has be.en made? Must a court, on a motion for a provisional inj unctiop for alleged infringeQlent of some other claim, deem itself conclude"d when no court has passed upon the specific inquiries? There should be a careful investigation of the precise points decided, and of the alleged infringement; otherwise great wrongs may be perpetrated against one or the other of the parties litigant. Preliminary injunctions are· not to be granted, it may be destructively, to defendants merely because an indefinite decision has been made by some court whose views are not disclosed in its decree; and, on the other hand, rights have been fairly determined, should piracy be tolerated pendente lite 1 . These general views are expressed in the interest of all parties to like controversies. An examination of the several decisions in the United States circuit court for the southern district of New York ·fails to furnish any construction of the several patents whereby the action of this court can be aided; nor isit shown with distinctness what claimawere held valid, nor wha.t would be an infringement of claims held valid. Without further comment, the injunction order will be issued as herein stated, leaving for final hearing matters looking to the validity of the respective patents.
808
TURRELL
v.
BRADFORD
and others. March 22, 1883.)
(Oircuit Oourt, S. D. Ne'lli York. 1.
SUBCOMBrNATION CLAIMS IMPORTED INTO REISSUES.
Such claims are void, upon the principle declared in Bantz v. Frantz, 105 U. S. 160. 2. RIGHT OF TO COVER SUCH CLAIMS LOST, BECAUSE OF UNREASONABLE DELAY, THE DEFENDANT NOT USING THE ENTIRE COMBINATION. .
These claims in the reissue for the subcombinations are void, being granted many years after date of the original patent, and after the invention of another device which did not use the. entire combination-original claim--of that patent, and when" the right to have the correction made II had been" abandoned and lost by unreasonable delay."
George O. Frelinghuysen, for plaintiff. A. J. Todd, for defendant. SHIPMAN, . J. This is a bill in equity to restrain the defendants from the alleged infringement ofreissued letters patent, granted May 30, 1876, to the plaintiff, as assignee of the executors of John Lovatt. for an improved skate. The original patent was issued on May 29. 1860, to John Lovatt. as inventor. and was extended on May 28. 1874, to May 30,1881. Two intermediate reissues have been granted. one on November 10,1868, and the other on April 6, 1875. The bill was filed on January 30, 1880. The defendants' skate is known as the" Acme Club Skate." It is described in letters patent to John Forbes of July 2, 1867. The Lovatt invention was a skate wherein the sole clamps and heel clamps were securely fastened to the sale and heel by the operation of one adjustable screw, whereas, previously, the mechanisms for sole clamps and heel clamps were separate and acted independently of each other. His skate has a pair of laterally-sliding sole clamps and a pair of laterally-sliding heel clamps, which are operated by means of a screw moving longitudinally with reference to the skate, and acting upon V-shaped grooves in such manner that "when one pair of clamps closes upon the heel or sole, the clamp-operating mechanism is not arrested in its movement, but is continued 80 as to close the other pair of clamps." This peculiarity is pointed out in the specification of the original patent. By the agency of the Vshaped grooves, the longitudinal motion of the screw communicates a lateral motion to the clamps. The single claim of the original patent was "the combination of the movable V-slotted blocks, E, E, with the clamps, D, D, D, D, and
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