Robinson v. Freeze’s Empirical Analysis
15 F.3d 107 · 1994
Citation profile
17 federal appellate · 2 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 32 later decisions — most recently January 2020 · most notably Whisman v. Rinehart (1997), Marcella Richman v. Michael Sheahan (2001)
17 federal appellate · 2 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Imbler v. Pachtman · Burns v. Reed · Buckley v. Fitzsimmons · Antoine v. Byers & Anderson, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 32 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'acts they are specifically required to do under court order or at a judge's direction.'”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[T]he record does not disclose whether all of Freeze's challenged conduct was done under the trial judge's authority and direction.... Freeze would enjoy only qualified immunity for those actions unless they were specifically ordered by the trial judge and related to the judicial function.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Smith v. Finch · Martin v. Hendren“emphasized that the official seeking absolute immunity bears the burden of showing that such immunity is justified for the function in question. The presumption is that qualified rather than absolute immunity is sufficient to protect government officials in the exercise of their duties. We have been quite sparing in our recognition of absolute immunity, and have refused to extend it any further than its justification would warrant.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.