majority"> Hoke, J.,

after stating the case: We find no error to plaintiff’s prejudice in the disposition of the second and third causes of action, and the judgment is in that respect affirmed; but we do not concur in the ruling of the court as to the first cause of action, and think the issues and all of them framed to present that phase of plaintiff’s demand should be submitted to another jury.

While the evidence shows that it was contemplated by both plaintiff and defendant that the contract between them as to the timber on the Nixon tract should be reduced to writing, there was testimony on the part of the plaintiff tending to show that such a requirement was not a condition precedent to the contractual relation, but was only a formality, to be carried out from convenience and prudence and after the contract had been fully made between them; and if this view should prevail' the parties would be bound, though their intent to formally express their agreement in writing was never carried out. Teal v. Templeton, 149 N. C., 32. Thus the plaintiff, testifying in his own behalf, stated, among other things, that a Mr. Pitts, professing to represent the defendants in the transaction, made a definite contract with plaintiff to cut the timber, and he went to work under its terms; that after he had been at work for nearly a month this Mr. Pitts asked him to go down to Wilmington and confer with the elder Mr. Moore, one of the owners of the plant, and that plaintiff went to Wilmington, and there, after conference, “the contract was written out in pencil and witness agreed to it. I did not read it, but it was read to me. He (defendant) was to have it drawn 'up and sent to me to sign.” This witness further testified that when the copies *198 were made and sent to Mm they differed in various and essential particulars from the contract agreed upon, and he declined to sign it, etc., and defendant stopped witness from cutting.

Again, there was testimony on the part of plaintiff tending to show that this Mr. Pitts was a general agent for defendant, not only in purchasing the plant and the timber in question, but in managing their business at this place, and that he made the contract with plaintiff, as claimed by him, within the scope of this agent’s apparent authority, and if tMs view should .be accepted the contract made by Pitts would bind the defendants, notwithstanding it exceeded the authority actually given him by defendants, and though he may have violated their instructions in making any contract by parol, unless it should appear that the limitation suggested on the agent’s apparent authority was made known to plaintiff before a definite contract was made with him. Tiffany on Agency, .189; Clark on Contracts, 513. In this citation from Clark it is said: “The acts of a general agent, known as such, govern his principal in all matters coming within the proper and legitimate scope of the business to be transacted, although he violates by these acts his private instructions, for his authority cannot be limited by any private instruction unless known to the person dealing with him.”

And in Tiffany, supra,, the same doctrine is thus stated: “The liability of the principal for the acts of his agent within the scope of his ‘apparent’ authority, as the term is here used, must rest, therefore, not upon a technical estoppel, but upon a broader doctrine of agency, that a principal is liable for acts of his agent which are within the ordinary and usual scope of the business he is employed to transact, notwithstanding undisclosed limitations upon that apparent authority — a doctrine which, as we shall see, applies even when the very existence of the agency is undisclosed. It is true that in many cases all the elements of a technical estoppel may exist, but it is by no means necessary that they do exist, to charge the principal, within this doctrine.”

The principal issue in the first cause of action having been withdrawn from the jury, making the ruling of the court, in effect, an order of nonsuit, we have only adverted to evidence which makes in support of plaintiff’s claim, and it may be not *199 improper to note that there is much testimony on the part of defendants contradicting that of plaintiff and tending to show that plaintiff was fully aware of the limitations and restrictions on the authority of the witness Pitts, and that in fact no contract to cut and log this entire timber on the Nixon tract was ever made with plaintiff, either by Pitts or defendants, and that plaintiff fully understood this; but we think these' questions at issue should be submitted to a jury for decision, and to that end a new trial is ordered on all the issues relevant to the first cause of action or any part of it.

New Trial.

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