United States v. Gray’s Empirical Analysis
152 F.3d 816 · 1998
Citation profile
47 federal appellate · 1 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 84 later decisions — most recently October 2025 · most notably United States v. Andis (2003), United States of America v. Darhee Gray McKissick (2000)
47 federal appellate · 1 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 115 · 18 U.S.C. § 1512 · 18 U.S.C. § 922 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 846 (§ 406 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996)
Relies on Blackledge v. Allison · Parke v. Raley · Austin Products Co. v. Workers' Compensation Insurers Rating Association of Minnesota · Yamamoto v. United States · Barakat v. Life Insurance
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 84 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) the amount of time that elapsed between the plea and the motion to withdraw it; (2) the presence (or absence) of a valid reason for the failure to move for withdrawal earlier in the proceedings; (3) whether the defendant has asserted or maintained his innocence; (4) the circumstances underlying the entry of the guilty plea; (5) the defendant’s nature and background; (6) the degree to which the defendant has had prior experience with the criminal justice system; and (7) potential prejudice to the government if the motion to withdraw is granted.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[I]f two or more prior drug felony convictions result from acts forming a single criminal episode, they should be treated as a single conviction for sentencing enhancement under section 841(b)(1)(A).”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1169 , 119 S.Ct. 1091 , 143 L.Ed.2d 91 (1999); United States v. Blackwood, 913 F.2d 139 , 145-46 (4th Cir.1990) (holding that”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.