majority">Mr. Presiding Justice Holdom

delivered the opinion of the court.

In actions for malicious prosecution, to entitle a plaintiff to prevail he must, in the first instance, establish by his proofs a want of probable cause for commencing the prosecution complained about. Such is an elementary principle in actions of this character and cannot be dispensed with. From a want of probable cause malice may be inferred. But proof of malice without proof of want of probable cause is insufficient to warrant a recovery. Or, in other words, want of probable cause is not inferable from malice, notwithstanding the converse of this proposition is the law. These fundamental propositions plaintiff’s counsel has ignored in his brief and argument. He apparently does not regard them as being of any controlling importance to a decision.

The early case of Israel v. Brooks, 23 Ill. 526, is instructive as applied to the facts and law of the case at bar. Mr. Justice Breese, speaking for the court, said: “The action for malicious prosecution is nec-

essarily viewed by the courts with great jealousy, from public considerations, as few men could be found who would be willing to originate a criminal prosecution if, on failure to establish the guilt of the accused, he himself was to be subjected to an onerous and expensive suit. Anciently it was doubted if the action would lie unless founded upon conspiracy. It is now, however, well established such actions will be maintained, but at the same time the onus is upon the party bringing the action to show that the criminal prosecution was the offspring of malice and without any probable cause to justify it—that the prosecutor had no sufficient reason to believe the accused guilty. If these are wanting—if malice and want of probable cause do not exist—the action must fail. * *' * If there be probable cause for the prosecution, the malice of the prosecutor weighs nothing, though the accused be innocent.”

The rulings of the trial judge upon the admission of much testimony offered by defendant were altogether too narrow and resulted in excluding important evidence tending to exculpate him from the charge made. As a general proposition in cases of this nature, as part of the res gestae, defendant ought to be allowed to prove all the circumstances out of which the prosecution arose and the various steps taken before the warrant of arrest was issued. He might prove his own good character as an element to ward off any suspicion that he might have acted without probable cause, and on the other hand he might prove the bad character of the accused as some justification for his action and for entertaining the honest belief that plaintiff was guilty of the offense charged.

The admitted circumstances of the occurrence leading to the arrest amount to a breach of the peace by plaintiff, if anything. He was tried for and acquitted of “making threats to kill”, which is not a crime by either the common or statute law. The warrant under which plaintiff was apprehended was a “peace warrant”, and if he was amenable to discipline at all it was in being held in bonds to keep the peace. Vide secs. 1 to 6, div. 5, chap. 38, R. S. The failure of the magistrate before whom plaintiff was brought to proceed in pursuance of the statute supra is in no way, nor for any reason, imputable to defendant.

While the proceedings before the magistrate were admissible as evidence of the prosecution and discharge of plaintiff, they in no way tended to establish a want of probable cause, but merely the right of plaintiff to maintain the suit. The note and chattel mortgage should not have been received in evidence when offered by plaintiff, as they did not tend to throw any light upon the question either of malice or want of probable cause. Their admission at the instance of plaintiff may have had the effect of prejudicing the jury against defendant. If the right of defendant to be upon the premises of plaintiff when the gun episode occurred had been disputed, then defendant might have justified such right under the provisions of the chattel mortgage, but that it was not admissible on the part of plaintiff we think clear.

Defendant attempted to prove the bad character of plaintiff by impeaching his reputation for truth and veracity, and asked of several witnesses questions substantially in the form of this one: “Are you acquainted with plaintiff’s general reputation for truth and veracity among his neighbors and friends and business associates in the city of Chicago?” Objections to this and similar questions by counsel for plaintiff were sustained. We think such rulings were erroneous and prejudicial to defendant’s defense. In this day of congested urban population, neighborhood of a person’s residence is hard to define. In cities like London, New York and Chicago a man may be absolutely unknown to his next door neighbor and have no acquaintance with any who dwell near him, and yet he may the city round have a very extensive acquaintance and be well known in business and social circles. The former limitation of neighborhood in the sense in which it was at one time understood, is no longer of pratical application. Wigmore in his admirable work on evidence, at page 1616, in discussing this subject says, inter alia: “What the law then and now desired was a trustworthy reputation; if that is to be found among a circle of persons other than the circle of neighbors about a sleeping place, it should be received”. “The rules of evidence must expand according to the exigencies of society”, said Lord Ellenborough in Pritt v. Fairclough, 2 Camp. 305; State v. Henderson, 29 W. Va. 147.

The instructions as .a whole are bad and were given upon an erroneous theory of the case. The jury should have been informed in some one of the instructions that plaintiff could not recover unless they believed from the evidence that defendant, in instituting the prosecution, had no probable cause to believe plaintiff guilty of the offense charged against him. •

The judgment of the Municipal Court is reversed and the cause remanded.

Reversed and remanded.

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