Summar v. Bennett’s Empirical Analysis
157 F.3d 1054 · 1998
Citation profile
22 federal appellate · 2 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 69 later decisions — most recently October 2017 · most notably Wayne Thomas Ahlers and Nina Ahlers v. Ronald J. Schebil (1999), Butera v. District of Columbia (2001)
22 federal appellate · 2 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. · Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Butz v. Economou · Joshua Deshaney, a Minor, by His Guardian Ad Litem, and Melody Deshaney,s v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services, et al.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 69 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“so clearly foreshadowed by applicable direct authority as to leave no doubt in the mind of a reasonable officer that his conduct was unconstitutional.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Gean v. Hattaway · Key v. Grayson“clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“voluntary decision to become a confidential informant with all the dangers it presented, not to mention his poor decision to fraternize with criminals in the first place, played a much greater role in his unfortunate demise”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.