116'
FEDERAL REPORTER.
tion. On the one hand, you should be influenced to convict by no facts or impressions independent of the evidence, and by no thought of the result of such a verdict; on the other hand, if the evidence has satisfied you beyond a reasonable doubt of the 'guilt of the accused, in manner and form as charged, no consideration should deter you from finding them guiity. The rights of the accused and the public rights should be regarded impartially and fearlessly. The jury returned a verdict of "not guilty."
UNITED STATES V. BADER
and others.· 1883.)
lCircuit Court, E.
n. Louisiana.
The state officers and state laws on the subject of election of members of congress, having been adopted by the United States, become pro tanto officers and laws of congress, and the conclusion of the indictment is the proper one, that the entire offense is against the form of the federal statute. 3. SAME-INDICTMENT.
The indictment charged that the defendants were officers of an election held at a certain prednct in the city of New Orleans on the seventh day of N ovember, A. D. 1882, for a member of congress, and that they, "heing then and there officers of said election, with intent then and there to affect said election and its result," "did acts unauthorized, in this: that they, being required to keep a list of the persons then and there voting, and to swear to said list'as correct, did then and there add to said list." Held good, and that it was un· necessary that there shOllld have been added the words, "which they then and there, as such officers as aforesaid, ,kept."
On Demurrer to Indictment. Albert H. Leonard, U. S. Atty., and Charles E. Wood, Asst. U. S. Atty., for the Government. . Johli D. Rouse, William Grant,and J. Ward Gurle1/, Jr., for defend· ants. 'Jl'Hcported by Joseph P. Hornor, Esq., of the Orleans bar.
UNITEr STATES V. BADER.
117
BILLD1GS, J. The submission to the court is upon a demurrer to an indictment. Three grounds have been urged in support of the demurrer: (1) That congress was without power to prohibit and follow with penal consequences the doing by the officel's of election for members of congress any act unauthorized, with the intent to affect any election or its result. The general doctrine that congress had authority to pass this statute, as a means of regulating and controlling the manner of electing members of congress, is settled by Ex parte Siebold, 100U. S. 373, and Etc parte Clarke, rd. 399. The argument here is that a merely unauthorized act cannot be made a criminal one. That, for example, a mere presentation of argument by an officer of election to induce a voter to support or cast his vote for a particular candidate would be an offense under this clause of the stat1.lte. It undoubtedly would. The object of this clause undoubtedly was to prevent any interference in a political campaign in any manner not authorized on the part of the officers ofelection. The reason of the p,rohibition undoubtedly was to secure their impartiality by thus withdrawing them from participation in the election, with a view to influence its result, beyond the official or indiVIdual acts authorized. It stands upon precisely the same ground with the prohibition of the statute against the practicing of" law on the part of judges. The act in itself is innoctlnt. The act in connection with the office constitutes the guilt. Congress deemed, and it seems to me reasonably, that elections would be purer if .the election officers were prohibited from participating therein beyond the acts specially allowed by law on their part. I think the meaning and object of the prohibition clear, and that the enactment in no manner transcends the power of congress. (2) That the conclusion is contra formam the statute of the United States alone. But in this forum the sovereign whose laws have been violated is the government of the United States; the state officeri and state laws on this subject of election of members ofcongress, having been adopted by the United States, become pro tanw officer.s and laws of congress. It is as if amttn, in giving a power of attorney to another, had adopted the phraseology, by reference simply, of some well-known act. The second act is merely, as between the parties to the second, the act of the principal, and the reference to the first act is merely for designation. When the attorney was sued for not per,forming his duties under the power, nothing would be considered but
118,
a case where a power in the words of the adopted power had been given directly from the principal to the attorney. So here, although in the courts of the state the laws of the state would alone be regarded, in the courts of the United States it is the peace and dignity of the United States alone which is considered, and the conclusion is the proper one, that the entire offense is against the form of the federal statute. (3) That the indictment is defective and does not comply with the settled rule of criminal pleading; that the allegations must be express and nothing be left to infel'ence. The charge is that the defendants were officers of an election held at a certain precinct in the city. of New Orleans on the seventh day of November, A. D. 1882, for a member of congress, and that they, "being then and there officers of said election, with intent then and thtlre to affect said election and its result," "did acts unauthorized in this: that they, being required to keep a list of the persons then and there voting, and to swear to said list as correct, did then and there add to said list." The point urged is that there should have been added the words, "which they then and there, as such officers as aforesaid, kept." That is, it is urged that here is a defect in that the list to which the fraudulent addition was made .was one which "they were required by law to keep," and not ·one which they kept. Admitting for the sake of argument that this analysis is correct, the question is, would it have been an offense for the accused to have added to a list whiuh had been begun, and which by law should have been kept, (for the averment in the indictment at least means this,) but which had afterwards been wholly omitted? If to such list a fraudulent addition of names of persons not voting had been made by the defendants with an intent to affect the election, I think it would have constituted an offense under the statute. To make a fraudulent addition to a required list of any sort of the names of persons not actually voting, with the prohibited intent, was an offense. It was still an unauthorized act, an interference with the methods and machinery of the election, done with the intent to influence it. Whether the list had been fully kept, or whether the act was such an one as in its nature would or could have influenced the result, is not the question. The act charged and set forth was an act "knowingly done by officers of an election," "at which a member of congress was voted for," "with regard to said election," "with intent toafIect said election and its result," and was wholly unauthorized by any law or
a
UNITED STATES V. ANTZ.
119
authority of the United States or of the state of Louisiana, and it therefore falls within the description of the acts which the statute declares to be crimes. The judgment of the court is that the demurrer be overruled, and that the accused be required to answer the indictment.
UNITED STATES 'V. ANTZ.·
Court, E. D. Louisiana. February, 1883.} 1. CIUHINAL LAW-VENffiE FACIAS.
A paper purporting to be a fJenire facias is irregular when it is addressed to . the" marshal of the district of Louisiana," when there was no such officer; . and when the title of the executive officer of the court is "the ma1"8hal of the eastern district of Louisiana." SAME--REV. ST. § 911. . Such a paper, tested in the name of the deputy clerk, was neither writ nor process, the statute of congress providin/!; that all writs and processes issuing from a circuit court shall bear teste of the chief justice of the United States, II St. at Large, p. 295, § 1; Rev. St. § 911:) it was not a writ of fJenire facias, nor any process in the nature of that writ. 3. SA,.\IE,
A writ of fJenire fadas, or a process in the nature of that writ, under the law, is inuispensably necessary for the bringing together a grand jury.
On Motion to Quash the Indictment. A. H. Leonard, U. S. Atty., and Oharles E. Woods, Asst. U. S. Atty·· ' for the United States. John S. Rouse, Wm. Grant, and J. Ward GWI'ley, Jr., for defendant. BILLINGS, J. A motion is made to quash an indictment on the ground that no venire facias issued for the summoning of the grand jury which found the same. The rules of the circuit court on the subject of drawing and sum· moning the grand and petit jurors are as follows: Rules with reference to the drawing of jurors, adopted }.(ovember 13, 1879: In order that the practice of the court may conform to the prOVIsions of the act of the congress relating to jurors in thfl courts Of the United States. the following l'Ules are adopted, and are designated as .. Rules with reference to the drawing of juro.rs," ill place of rules 29; 30, and 31, which are hereby ' (1) The marsbal shall provide a jury-box having two separate 'locks with dissimilar keys, one of which shall be kEWt by the clerk and the other by the -commissioner. The clerk shall have the custody of the box i and it shall not *Reported by Joseph P. Hornor, Esq., of the New Orleans bar.
