164-
FEDERAL REPORTER.
moved to the fedAral court. It was, therefore, a case coming within the second section of the act, as a case then pending, with aright of removal existing at the time it was removed, which was before the first term at which it could be first heard or tried after the passage of the act, and therefore came directly within the ruling made in the Removal Oases, 100 U. S. 457. The case at bar was not pending when the act of 1875 was passed. As we have seen, it was cQmmenced in 1880. There was a trial at the January term, 1881, of the state court. .That trial was followed by an appeal and a reversal of the judgment of the court below, and the case came back for a new trial. Then, for the first time, there was an application for removal. That application came too late, because in sucb a case the statutory requirement is imperative that the removal must be made before there is any trial of the suit in the state court. As the suit was not brought in the state court until after the act of 1875 was passed,' it cannot help the party here petitioning for a removal that the judgment which followed the first trial was reversed, and that the case came back to the circuit court of the state for a new trial. It' was not removable after the October term, 1880, of the state court, and the motion to remand must be granted. See City of Chicago v. Hutchinson, 15 FED. REP. 129; Thorne v. Towanda Tanning Go.ld. 289; Johnson v.Johnson, 13 FED. REP. 193; Darst v. City Of Peo1'ia, rd. 561; Cramer v. Mack. 12 FED. REP. 803; Kerting v. American Oleograph Go. 10 F;ED. REP. 17; Aldrich v. Crouch,ld. 305, and note, 307.
UNITED
v.
MUNFORD
and others. 16,1883.)
(C£rcuit Court, E, D. Virg£nia. 1. VENIRE
April
OF JURORB IN UKITED STATES COUItTB-JURY LAW OF 1879-DUAWING NAMES FROM SEVERAL BOXES.
It is not a valid ohjection to the method of summoning jnries for this district that the names are drawn from three boxes, all of them heing supplied with names by the clerk of the circuit court in conjunetion with the general jury commissioner,
2.
SAME-SECTIOn 802, REV. ST.-COURT DIRECTING FROM WHAT Box TO DRAW NAMES.
Section 802 of the Revised confers authority upon the court to direct from what boxes the jurors should be drawn so as to be most favorahle to an impartial trial, and so as not to incur unnecessary expense, or burden the citizens of any part of the district with such services.
UNITED STATES V. MUNFORD.
165
3.
::5AME-::lUMMONING BY-STANDERB TO COMPLETE PANEl"
The jury law of 1879, and section 804 of the Revised Statutes, must be construed together, and when so construed they authorize the summoning from by-standers during itli.ycurrentterm of talesmen enough to complete the panels necessary for the transaction of the business of the court.
Motion to Quash Venire of Jurors. Edmund Waddill, U. S. Atty., and John S.Wiae, for the United States. Wm. W. Crump, W. W. Henry, and Hill Carter, for defendants. ' HUGHES, J. As it will become necessary. to order a venire of jurors for the term to be held in July, to which this election case and others on the docket will be continued, we are called upon to revise the de. cision rendered the other day in this case on the motion to quash the venire of the present term.- When tha.t decision was rendered Judge BOND suggested that the same points might, in the event of a conviction, be again raised on a motion in arrest of judgment, and that we could then pass upon them after better opportunity for reflection. Such opportunity IS now lost; but we have had time to make up a mature opinion on the points raised last Thursday, and I will now announce it in order to indicate those views of the law on which the next venire of jurors will be summoned. 1. It was complained that three boxes are used in this district for the deposit of the names of persons selected by the jury commissioners, counsel maintaining that only one box was authorized by law. The jury law of 1879, as to districts in which there is a clerk f9r each place of holding the United States courts, requires that there shall be as many boxes as there are clerks. In our own district there happens to be but one clerk for the circuit court, although the court is held in three places. It also happens that there are three clerks of the district court,...--one fot' each of the three places at which th at court is held,-and it would be necessary to a strict compliance with the law, as to all trials had in the district court, that there should be three boxes for the jurors of that court. It has been the practice, however, to bring nearly all criminal indictments and informations in the circuit court. And, therefore, while it would be perfectly legal to have as many as four boxes, one for each place of holding the district court, and a fourth box for the jurors intended to serve in the circuit court, yet it has come about that three boxes only have been used; all of them supplied with names by the clerk of the circuit court, in conjunction with Mr. Cabell, the general jury commissioner. *See U. S. v. Munford, post.
166
I do not recollect how this plan of keeping three boxes, all supplied by Mr. Pleasants, in conjunction with Mr. Cabell, originated. I doubt whether it was suggested by myself.' I certainly have no recollection of having originated the plan. Be that as tt may, however, I think the plan approaches as nearly to a compliance with the directions, of the jury law of 1879 as is practicable in this district. There is certainly no shadow 6f authority to be found in that law for the proposition that there shall be only one box for the names of jurorsllsed in this district. We think, therefore, after mature con,sideration, that this ground of objection to the plan of summoning juries fortha district is not sustained by the law of 1879, and we shall continue to usa three boxes. 2. Another reason for quashing the venire of the present term, which was urged by counsel for the defense in the present case, was that I had directed the clerk to draw 30 names from the body of the district, and particularly to draw 12 from the Alexandria box, 12 from the Norfolk box, and only 6 from the Richmond box. This was complained of as an illegal discrimination against Richmond. As to the power of a judge of the court to give 'Such instructions as I gave in this respect there is no doubt, for section 802 of the Revised Statutes is express and emphatic on the subject. It provides that"Jurors shall be returned from such parts of the district, from time to time, as the court shall direct, so as to be most favorable to an impartial trial, and so as not to incur unnecessary or unduly to burden the citizens of any part of the district with such services." Here was express authority conferred upon me by law to direct from what boxes the jurors should be drawn; and here is indicated the precise object which I had iIi view when my instructions to Mr. Pleasants were given. The second ground of the motion which was made the other day to quash the venire is therefore untenable; and I shall give the clerk, for reasons too obvious to need to be stated, the same instructions as I gave with reference to the present venire. 3. The remaining objection which was then urged to the present venire was that the number of jurors drawn for it from the boxes having proved insufficient, others were summoned by the marshal,-not in accordance with the provision of the law of 1879, which directs that "all jurors, including those summoned during the session of the court, shall be publicly drawn" from the boxes,-but that he summQned men of his own selection. The additional jurors summoned in the present instance were selected under an order issued by myself on the fifth of April, whi.ch was the fourLh day of the present term,
161
directing the marshal to summon from by-standers as many petit jurors as would be necessary, with those already in attendance, to make up the whole number of the veni1'e to 24 men. The jury law of 1819 is a general law relating to "all jurors," and has been held by Chief Justice WAITE and Judge BOND, sitting together, not io conflict which relates particularly to with section 804 of the Revised petit jurors. The law of 1819 expressly repeals some of the: secti6ns of 'chapter 15 relating to juries, but does notrapeal other sections, so that, on the maxim expressio unius est e.1;clusio alterius, section 804 still remains in force. That section provides that.. When, from challenges or otherwise, thEire is not a petit jury to determine any civil or criminal cause, the marshal or his deputy shall, by the order of the court in which such defect of jurors happens, return jurymen from bystanders sufficient to complete the panel."
It was under t4is section that my order to the marshal of the fifth instant was issued; and 1t was be"anse jurors had been thus sum· moned by the marshal, and not drawn. from the boxes, that this venire was objected to by the defense in thE! present case. It is ob. viousthat a literal compliance with,the la)v 1879, directing that jurors required in the emergencies occurring' during the term of a court shall be drawn from boxes and then summoned, is often impracticable. To send out, while making up a jury during the term of a court, for men selected by lot from all localities in which they may happen to reside throughout a large dIstrict, hundreds of miles in dimensions, would entail most embarrassing delays. It would also be attended by great uncertainties; for it isobvious that the jury commissioners callnot be weH acquainted with the men whose names they put in the boxes, scattered as these are' over an area embraCing 60 or 10 counties and cities, or know with certainty either their places of residence or their exact names, or the condition of their health, or whether or not they have removed from the district, or have died. The court can, therefore, have no assurance that the men thus selected by lot will, when sent for, be found and brought into court from the greater or less distances from which they are summoned. A literal adherance to the jury law of 1819, and a discardal of the unrepealed provisions of section 804, would work in frequent cases, and would have operated in the present case, a delay of procetldings equivalent to a paralyzing obstruction of the business of the court. Congress could not have meant to impose upon the proceedings of vourts the delays adverted to. The jury law of 1879 and section 804 lnust, therefore, be construed
th'e
168
together, and when so construed I do not see that there can be any irregularity or illegality in summoning from by-standers during any current term talesmen enough to complete the panels necessary for the of the business of the court. I the court ruled in strict accordance with the letter and in full accordance with the spirit of the law in refusing, last Thursday, to quash the venire from which the panel of the jury in the present case was made up. And I here announce that if, at the trial of these cases, or of any other cases, it shall be found that from "challenges or otherwise" panels cannot be completed from drawn jurors, I will direct the marRhal to summon from by-standers a sufficient number of jurors to the panels."
ARMSTRONG
SYRACUSE SCREw
Co.
fOireuit (J01J,rt, N. D. New Yrrrk. MARRIED WOMAN-EQ.UITY A.CTION. A. married woman in New York
May, 1883.)
can maintain an equity action tn the United
States courts in her own name.
Plea interposed to bill that plaintiff, being a married woman, cannot maintain the action. C. W. Smith, for defendant. R. H. rf O. H. Duell, for complainant. COXE, J. Upon the authority of Lorillard v. Standard Oil Co. 18 Blatch£. 199, [So C. 2 FED. REP. the plea should be overruled; but with leave to file an answer to the amended complaint within 20 days after notice of this decision.
NElS and others v. YOCUM. (Circuit Uourt, D. Uj'cgon.
lIaylli,1881$.)
1.
MUTUAL AND DEPENDENT UNDERTAKINGS.
The undertakings in a contract whereby one party ag-rees to sell and deliver an article to another all the demand of such other at a certain place and upon the pa,yment by him of a certain price are mutual and dependent; but before either party can maintain an action against the another for non-performance of such contract, he must aver and show an offer of performance on his part, or a rcadiness and willingness to perforll according to the circulllstanccs of the case.