262
fEDERAL
BEPOBTER.
THE INDIA, her Engines) etc. (Circuit Court, S. D. New York. I
March 15, lSS3.)
Where supplies are furnished at a foreign port, they are presumed to have been furnished on the credit of the vessel. 2. BAME-L'HARTERER AS OWNER FOR VOYAGE.
A charterer to whom is given the- entire possession, control, and management, becomes the owner pro MO fJiu, although by the terms of the charterparty the general owner app01nts the master and the crew. 3. BAME-AUTHORITY TO BIND VESSEL.
When the general owners allow the charterers to have the control, manageof the vessel, and thus to become the owners for the ment, and voyage, he must be deemed to consent that the vessel should be answerable for necessary repairs and supplies furnished at a foreign port for the prosecution and completion of the voyage.
In Admiralty. UUo et Davison, for claimants and appellants. Beebe, Wilcox & Hobbs, for libelants and appellees.
WALLACE, J. The libelants supplied the steam-ship with coal at the port of Philadelphia, upon the order of S. Morris Waln & Co., who were the agents at that place of Huser, Watson & Co., of New York city. The steamer was a foreign vessel, owned in Hamburg. but had been chartered by the owner to Huser, Watson & Co. for service between the United States and Brazil. The steamer required the coal for an intended voyage for the charterers. She was in tht possession and under the control of the charterers, and the master was, by the terms of the charter-party, under the orders and directions of tile charterers as regarded employment and agency. The libelants did not rely exclusively upon the credit of S. Morris WaIn & Co., or of the charterers, in furnishing the supplies, but relied in part upon the credit of the vessel. Unless the charterers were the owners of the vessel for the voyage, and, in that capacity, were competent to bind the vessel to a lien in favor of the libelants, the libel cannot be maintained. S. Morris WaIn & Co. were not, in fact, the agents of the general owner; and, irrespective of testimony introduced for the first time upon this appeal, indicating that the libelant had reason to know that WaIn & Co. were acting for the charterers, there was enough in the circumstances to require the libelants to ascertain whether WaIn & Co. were authorized to represent the general owner before dealing with them upon such an assumption.
THE INDIA.
268
The affirmance of the derree of the district court may be satisfactorily placed upon the· ground that the charterers were the owners ·of the vessels pro hac vice; that, as such, their contracts for necessary 8uppli6s bound the ship; and, as the supplies were furnished at a foreign pod, they are presumed to have been furnished on the credit of the vessel. That a charterer to whom is given the entire possession, managem,mt, and control of the ship, becomes the owner pro hac vice,-although, by the terms of the charter-party, the general owner appoints the master and selects the mariners, as was the case by the charter-party: here,-is not doubted ja.nd the proposition is assumed to be correct by the appellees. Authorities which are con· trolling upon this court'decide that when the general owner allows the charterers to have the control, management, and possession of the vessel, and thus to beG'ome the owner for the voyage, he must be deemed to consent that the vessel shall be answerable for neces.sary repairs and supplies to enable her to pursue her voyage, and that the special owner may bind the interest of the general owner in the vessel in this behalf. This doctrine was declared by Mr. Justice NELSON, in The Oity of New York, 3 Blatchf. 189, where the party furnished the supplies in a foreign port to the agent of the charterers, and knew of the charter, and that according to its terms the charterers were bound to furnish the supplies for t?e voyage. In The Freeman v. Blwkingham, 18 How. 182, when the general owner had allowed a third person to become the owner of the vessel pro hac vice, it was held that the former must be deemed to consent that the special owner could charge the vessel with a lien for the performance of a contract of affreightment. In neither of these cases was it supposed that the personal liability of the general owner was essential to the liability of the vessel. In the first case it was conceded that he would not be liable, ·and he would not· have been liable in the latter. Pitkin v. Brainerd, 5 Conn. 451; Outler v. Winsor, 6 Pick. 335; Thompson v. Hamilton, 12 Pick. 428 j Sproat v. Donnell, 26 Me. 185. The responsibility of the general owner for contracts not made by him' personally rests upon the law of agency, and, ' whether they are enterecl into by the master of the vessel or by some other person, are binding upon the general owner only when e}'pre&sly or impliedly authorized by him. Webb v. Pierce, 1 104, and cases there cited. The vessel may be liable upon contracts made by the master when the general owner would not be responsible. Such a case was that of The Neversink, 5 Blatchf. 539, in which the master was one of the charterers and owners pro hac vice, and where
264.
FEDERAL REPORTER.
it was distmctly aflirmed that the master, although not the agent of the general owner and not able to bind him, could bind thtl yessel and the charterers. There will 00 a decree for the libelants. See l'ke Bearet, 15 FED. REP. 480; The India, 14 FED. REP. 476.
THE DOLCOATH and Cargo. 'Distrg'ct Court, 8 D. Florida. 1. SALVAGE-WHEN ALLOWED.
April 10. 1883.\
To justify a salvage award it is not necessary that a vessel should be in such peril that it would be impossible for the master to relieve her; it is sufficient if the danger is such that it would be continued and increased by the delay necessary for him to do so. 2. SAME-STEAM-SHIP AGROUND.
Where a steam-ship is agrouna on an open and exposed reef, and is relieved from the bottom by taking out some cargo and throwing overboard by direction of the mastet, those engaged may be entitled to a salvage compensation, although they carry out no anchor. 3. SAME-DUTY OF SALVOR TO Am MASTER.
It is the duty of a salvor to aid the master III all ways, and he should in no l;ase refuse assistance the way proposed because they differ in judgment, Ullless there is unquestionably bad faith in the means suggested.
4.
SAME-GOOD FAITH OF SALVORS-MEASURE OF COMPENSATION.
Salvage service demands the utmost good faith in evel'yrellltion with wrecked .property, and it is as much the salvor's duty to assist in saving it from unnecessary expense after being brought into port as to rescue it from peril; and any trouble, detention, or expense caused or incurred thereby will be considered and compensated in the general award.
In Admiralty. G. Bowne Patterson, for libelants. L. W. Bethel, for respondent. LOCKE, J. This vessel, the British steam-ship Dolcoath, laden with a cargo of cotton and grain from New Orleans, bound to Antwerp, went ashore on the south-east point of North Key shoal, Tortugas, at about half-past 6 Saturday evening, March 31st of this year; running on a smooth and even, though hard, rocky bottom until shewas driven up out of water about a foot and nine inches. The master endeavored to back her off by the propeller, but, failing in this, commenced at midnight a of cargo, and by 8 o'clock the next morning had thrown overboard, as he estimates, 50 or 60 tons of corn. By this time the