Wessmann v. Gittens’s Empirical Analysis
160 F.3d 790 · 1998
Citation profile
42 federal appellate · 14 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 100 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently September 2022 · most notably Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), Jennifer Johnson Aimee Bogrow v. Board of Regents of the University of Georgia Antoine Hester (2001)
42 federal appellate · 14 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. · International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States · Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. · Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins · Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 100 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The Policy is, at bottom, a mechanism for racial balancing--and placing our imprimatur on racial balancing risks setting a precedent that is both dangerous to our democratic ideals and almost always constitutionally forbidden.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“[W]hether past discrimination necessitates current action is a fact-sensitive inquiry, and courts must pay careful attention to competing explanations for current realities.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“[a]t a certain point in its application process ... the Policy relies on race and ethnicity, and nothing else, to select a subset of entrants”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.