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← 162 CONN 274 - Tough v. Ives

Tough v. Ives’s Empirical Analysis

1972

Citation profile

148
cited by 148 later decisions
4
states following
July 2025
most recently cited

147 state decisions

How this case has been cited

Cited by 148 later decisions — most recently July 2025 · most notably Zapata v. Burns (1988), Ferreira v. Pringle (2001)

147 state decisions

590197219801990200020102020decided

Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.

Relationships

Relies on Allen v. United States · Lyman v. Adorno · State v. Smith · Ducharme v. City of Putnam · Sanger v. City of Bridgeport

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 148 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

  1. “Only if an act serves some public purpose can it be constitutionally sufficient.”
    3 later decisions quote this exact passage
    e.g. 1995 Conn. Super. Ct. 1318 - Chotkowski v. State, No. Cv 94-0461509s (Feb. 28, 1995) · 1995 Conn. Super. Ct. 2516 - Chotkowski v. State, No. Cv 94-0461509s (Mar. 9, 1995)
  2. “`be based on natural and substantial differences, germane to the subject and purpose of the [regulation], between those within the class and those whom it leaves untouched.'”
    2 later decisions quote this exact passage
    e.g. 1991 Conn. Super. Ct. 9804 - Foti v. Richardson, No. Cv90-0379708 (Nov. 18, 1991) · 1992 Conn. Super. Ct. 6699 - Cannata v. Cromwell Planning Zoning Comm'n, No. 62515 (Jul. 15, 1992)
  3. “exclusive public emoluments or privileges from the community”
    2 later decisions quote this exact passage
    e.g. 1995 Conn. Super. Ct. 1318 - Chotkowski v. State, No. Cv 94-0461509s (Feb. 28, 1995) · 1995 Conn. Super. Ct. 2516 - Chotkowski v. State, No. Cv 94-0461509s (Mar. 9, 1995)

How this case has been treated — in progress

Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.