United States v. Richardson’s Empirical Analysis
167 F.3d 621 · 1999
Citation profile
18 federal appellate · 19 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 46 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2020 · most notably Massaro v. United States (2003), United States v. Quinones (2007)
18 federal appellate · 19 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1961 (§ 901 of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) · 18 U.S.C. § 1962 (§ 901 of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) · 18 U.S.C. § 922 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act) · 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996)
Relies on Hj Inc v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Company · Stirone v. United States · United States v. Sampol · United States v. Ronald J. Perholtz, United States of America v. Franklin W. Jackson, United States of America v. Gregory W. Fletcher · United States v. Girard
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 46 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“To begin with, the evidence showed that Richardson and his co-defendants organized themselves hierarchically and planned their activities. According to trial witnesses, Cunningham served as the leader: He was usually the first through the door and first to display a firearm. He announced the robbery, gave orders to the victims, and directed Richardson and Barren during the course of the robberies. Additional evidence of organization and continuity comes from the robberies’ consistent pattern; from testimony that Richardson and his codefendants borrowed or rented cars to commit their crimes and attempted to switch license plates to avoid detection; from ballistics analysis establishing that they used guns stolen in earlier crimes to facilitate later robberies and shootings; from testimony that they committed acts of violence and retaliation to protect their armed robbery enterprise; and from evidence that the three had social ties and were often seen together during the summer of 1993, thus further supporting the existence of an association independent of their individual crimes.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“Despite short durations, courts have held that the continuity facet is met when there is no doubt that a jury could reasonably infer from the frequency and escalating seriousness of the defendants’ crimes that their past conduct ... by its nature projects into the future with a threat of repetition. Here, the evidence shows there is no doubt that a jury could reasonably infer from the proven acts that Walker’s and Claville’s actions would “project into the future with a threat of repetition.” As such, the Government met the continuity facet of a pattern of racketeering.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“The fortuitous interruption of [racketeering] activity such as by an arrest does not grant defendants a free pass to evade RICO charges. As the district court observed, the sheer number of serious crimes, which victimized dozens of persons and led to five deaths ... made the threat of future criminality palpable.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.